Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 9

Annotated Bibliography Example The author has rightly presented that the book â€Å"Quality from Customer Needs to Customer Satisfaction† by B. Bergman and B. Klefsjo studies the quality movement from a holistic outlook by providing practical examples that are blended with an inclusive and systemic synopsis about the Japanese industrialists. The authors illustrate how the Japanese industrialists have approved and implemented the ideas of American experts without the knowledge that their methodologies are being exported to the U.S and the rest of the world by these expatriates. The book is divided into five parts with each section discussing a different subject. The book is relevant to this study because it provides knowledge and methodologies of how to enhance quality in organizations and companies. This essay also discusses that the authors of â€Å"High – involvement innovation through continuous improvement† offer a managerial tool to organizations and all forms of businesses that can help the businesses to overcome the challenges that are common in the current business environment. The article indicates that companies can allow continuous improvement through the mobilization of high levels of involvement of the workers in constant incremental problem-solving.   This journal article provides a report on a five-year study program that explores Implementation issues in continuous improvement and suggests a framework model that can be used to develop continuous improvement.

Allocation of Resources in Cloud Server Using Lopsidedness

Allocation of Resources in Cloud Server Using Lopsidedness B. Selvi, C. Vinola, Dr. R. Ravi Abstract– Cloud computing plays a vital role in the organizations resource management. Cloud server allows dynamic resource usage based on the customer needs. Cloud server achieves efficient allocation of resources through virtualization technology. It addresses the system that uses the virtualization technology to allocate the resources dynamically based on the demands and saves energy by optimizing the number of server in use. It introduces the concept to measure the inequality in multi-dimensional resource utilization of a server. The aim is to enlarge the efficient resource utilization system that avoids overload and save energy in cloud by allocating the resources to the multiple clients in an efficient manner using virtual machine mapping on physical system and Idle PMs can be turned off to save energy. Index Terms-cloud computing, resource allocation, virtual machine, green computing. I. Introduction In cloud computing provides the service in an efficient manner. Dynamically allocate the resources to multiple cloud clients at the same time over the network. Now-a-Days many of the business organizations using the concept of cloud computing due to the advantage with resource management and security management. A cloud computing network is a composite system with a large number of shared multiple resources. These are focus to unpredictable needs and can be affected by outside events beyond the control. Cloud resource allocation management requires composite policies and decisions for multi-objective optimization. It is extremely difficult because of the convolution of the system, which makes it impracticable to have accurate universal state information. It is also subject to continual and unpredictable communications with the surroundings. The strategies for cloud resource allocation management associated with the three cloud delivery models, Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS) and Software as a Service (SaaS), differ from one another. In all cases, the cloud providers are faced with huge, sporadic loads that contest the claim of cloud flexibility. Virtualization is the single most efficient way to decrease IT expenses while boosting effectiveness and liveliness not only for large enterprise, but for small and mid budget organizations also. Virtualization technology has advantages over the following aspects. Run multi-operating systems and applications on a single computer. Combine hardware to get hugely higher productivity from smaller number of servers. Save 50 percent or more on general IT costs. Speed up and make things easier IT management, maintenance, and the consumption of new applications. The system aims to achieve two goals: The capability of a physical machine (PM) should be enough to satisfy the resource requirements of all virtual machines (VMs) running on it. Otherwise, the Physical machine is overload and degrades performance of its VMs. The number of PMs used should be minimized as long as they can still satisfy the demands of all VMs. Idle physical machine can be turned off to save energy. There is an intrinsic exchange between the two goals in the face of altering resource needs of VMs. For overload avoidance, the system should keep the utilization of PMs Low to reduce the possibility of overload in case the resource needs of VMs increase later. For green computing, the system should keep the utilization of PMs reasonably high to make efficient use of their energy. It presents the design and implementation of an efficient resource allocation system that balance between the two goals. The following aids are, The development of an efficient resource allocation system that avoids overload in the system effectively while minimizing the number of servers use. To introduce the concept of â€Å"lopsidedness† to measure the uneven utilization of a server. By minimizing lopsidedness, the system improves the overall utilization of servers in the face of multidimensional resource constraints. To implement a load prediction algorithm that can capture the future resource usages of applications accurately without looking inside the VMs. Fig.1 System Architecture II. System Overview The architecture of the system is presents in Fig.1. The physical machine runs with VMware hypervisor (VMM) that supports VM0 and one or more VMs in cloud server. Each VM can contain one or more applications residing it. All physical machines can share the same storage space. The mapping of VMs to PMs is maintains by VMM. Information collector node (ICN) collects the information about VMs resource status that runs on VM0. The virtual machine monitor creates and monitors the virtual machine. The CPU scheduling and network usage monitoring is manage by VMM. Assume with available sampling technique can measure the working set size on each virtual machine. The information collects at each physical machine and passes the information to the admin controller (AC). AC connects with VM Allocator that activated periodically and gets information from the ICN resource needs history of VMs, and status of VMs. The allocator has several components. The Indicator Indicates the future demands of virtual machine and total load value for physical machine. The ICN at each node attempts to satisfy the input demands locally by adjusting the resource allocation of VMs sharing the same VMM. The hotspot remover in VM allocator spots if the resource exploitation of any PM is above the Hot Point. If so, then some VMs runs on the particular PM will be move away to another PM to reduce the selected PM load. The cold spot remover identifies the system that is below the average utilization (Cold point) of actively used PMs. If so, then it some PMs turned off to save energy. Finally, the exodus list passes to the admin controller. III. The Lopsidedness Algorithm The resource allocation system introduces the concept of lopsidedness to measure the unevenness in the utilization of multiple resources on a server. Let consider n be the number of resources and let consider ri be the exploitation of the ith resource. To define the resource lopsidedness of a server p by considering r is the average utilization of resources in server p. In practice, not all types of resources are performance critical and then consider bottleneck resources in the above calculation. By minimizing the lopsidedness, the system can combine different types of workloads nicely and improve the overall utilization of server resources. A. Hot and Cold Points The system executes periodically to evaluate the resource allocation status based on the predicted future resource demands of VMs. The system defines a server as a hot spot if the utilization of any of its resources is above a hot threshold. This indicates that the server is overloaded and hence some VMs running on it should be migrated away. The system defines the temperature of a hot spot p as the square sum of its resource utilization beyond the hot threshold. Consider R is the set of overloaded resources in server p and rt is the hot threshold for resource r. (Note that only overloaded resources are considered in the calculation.) The temperature of a hot spot reflects its degree of overload. If a server is not a hot spot, its temperature is zero. The system defines a server as a cold spot if the utilizations of all its resources are below a cold threshold. This indicates that the server is mostly idle and a potential candidate to turn off to save energy. However, the system does so only when the average resource utilization of all actively used servers (i.e., APMs) in the system is below a green computing threshold. A server is actively used if it has at least one VM running. Otherwise, it is inactive. Finally, The system define the warm threshold to be a level of resource utilization that is sufficiently high to justify having the server running but not so high as to risk becoming a hot spot in the face of temporary fluctuation of application resource demands. Different types of resources can have different thresholds. For example, the system can define the hot thresholds for CPU and memory resources to be 90 and 80 percent, respectively. Thus a server is a hot spot if either its CPU usage is above 90 percent or its memory usage is above 80 percent. B. Hot Spot Reduction The system sort the list of hot spots in the system in descending temperature (i.e., the system handle the hottest one first). Our goal is to eliminate all hot spots if possible. Otherwise, keep their temperature as low as possible. For each server p, the system first decides which of its VMs should be migrated away. The system sort its list of VMs based on the resulting temperature of the server if that VM is migrated away. The system aims to migrate away the VM that can reduce the server’s temperature the most. In case of ties, the system selects the VM whose removal can reduce the lopsidedness of the server the most. For each VM in the list, the system sees if the system can find a destination server to accommodate it. The server must not become a hot spot after accepting this VM. Among all such servers, the system select one whose lopsidedness can be reduced the most by accepting this VM. Note that this reduction can be negative which means the system selects the server wh ose lopsidedness increases the least. If a destination server is found, the system records the migration of the VM to that server and updates the predicted load of related servers. Otherwise, the system moves onto the next VM in the list and try to find a destination server for it. As long as the system can find a destination server for any of its VMs the system consider this run of the algorithm a success and then move onto the next hot spot. Note that each run of the algorithm migrates away at most one VM from the overloaded server. This does not necessarily eliminate the hot spot, but at least reduces its temperature. If it remains a hot spot in the next decision run, the algorithm will repeat this process. It is possible to design the algorithm so that it can migrate away multiple VMs during each run. But this can add more load on the related servers during a period when they are already overloaded. The system decides to use this more conservative approach and leave the system s ome time to react before initiating additional migrations. IV. System Analysis In Cloud Environment, the user has to give request to download the file. This request will be store and process by the server to respond the user. It checks the appropriate sub server to assign the task. A job scheduler is a computer application for controlling unattended background program execution; job scheduler is create and connects with all servers to perform the user requested tasks using this module. In User Request Analysis, the requests are analyze by the scheduler before the task is give to the servers. This module helps to avoid the task overloading by analyzing the nature of the users request. Fist it checks the type of the file going to be download. The users request can be the downloading request of text, image or video file. In Server Load value, the server load value is identifies for job allocation. To reduce the over load, the different load values are assign to the server according to the type of the processing file. If the requested file is text, then the minimum load value will be assign by the server. If it is video file, the server will assign high load value. If it is image file, then it will take medium load value. In Server Allocation, the server allocation task will take place. To manage the mixed workloads, the job-scheduling algorithm is follow. In this the scheduling, depends upon the nature of the request the load values are assign dynamically. Minimum load value server will take high load value job for the next time. High load value server will take minimum load value job for next time. The aim is to enlarge the efficient resource utilization system that avoids overload and save energy in cloud by allocating the resources to the multiple clients in an efficient manner using virtual machine mapping on physical system and Idle PMs can be turned off to save energy. Fig. 2 Comparison graph IV. Conclusion It presented by the design, implementation and evaluation of efficient resource allocation system for cloud computing services. Allocation system multiplexes by mapping virtual to physical resources based on the demand of users. The contest here is to reduce the number of dynamic servers during low load without sacrificing performance. Then it achieves overload avoidance and saves energy for systems with multi resource constraints to satisfy the new demands locally by adjusting the resource allocation of VMs sharing the same VMM and some of not used PMs could potentially be turn off to save energy. Future work can on prediction algorithm to improve the stability of resource allocation decisions and plan to explore using AI or control theoretic approach to find near optimal values automatically. References [1] Anton Beloglazov and Rajkumar Buyya (2013), ‘Managing Overloaded Hosts For Dynamic Consolidation of Virtual Machines In Cloud Data Centers Under Quality of Service Constraints’, IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems, Vol. 24, No. 7, pp. 1366-1379. [2] Ayad Barsoum and Anwar Hasan (2013), ’Enabling Dynamic Data And Indirect Mutual Trust For Cloud Computing Storage Systems’, IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems, Vol. 24, No. 12, pp. 2375-2385. [3] Daniel Warneke, and Odej Kao (2011), ‘Exploiting Dynamic Resource Allocation For Efficient Parallel Data Processing In The Cloud’, IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems, Vol. 22, No. 6, pp. 985-997. [4] Fung Po Tso and Dimitrios P. Pezaros (2013), ‘Improving Data Center Network Utilization Using Near-Optimal Traffic Engineering’, IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems, Vol. 24, No. 6, pp. 1139-1147. [5] Hong Xu, and Baochun Li (2013), ‘Anchor: A Versatile and Efficient Framework for Resource Management in The Cloud’, IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems, Vol. 24, No. 6, pp. 1066-1076. [6] Jia Rao, Yudi Wei, Jiayu Gong, and Cheng-Zhong Xu (2013), ‘Qos Guarantees And Service Differentiation For Dynamic Cloud Applications’, IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 43-54. [7] Junwei Cao, Keqin Li,and Ivan Stojmenovic (2013), ‘Optimal Power Allocation and Load Distribution For Multiple Heterogeneous Multicore Server Processors Across Clouds and Data Centers’, IEEE Transactions on Computers, Vol. 32, No. 99, pp.145-159. [8] Kuo-Yi Chen, Morris Chang. J, and Ting-Wei Hou (2011), ‘Multithreading In Java: Performance and Scalability on Multicore Systems’, IEEE Transactions On Computers, Vol. 60, No. 11, pp. 1521-1534. [9] Olivier Beaumont, Lionel Eyraud-Dubois, Christopher Thraves Caro, and Hejer Rejeb (2013), ‘Heterogeneous Resource Allocation Under Degree Constraints’, IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems, Vol. 24, No. 5, pp. 926-937. [10] Rafael Moreno-Vozmediano, Ruben S. Montero, and Ignacio M. Llorente (2011), ‘Multicloud Deployment Of Computing Clusters For Loosely Coupled MTC Applications’, IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems, Vol. 22, No. 6, pp. 924-930. [11] Sangho Yi, Artur Andrzejak, and Derrick Kondo (2012), ‘Monetary Cost-Aware Checkpointing And Migration on Amazon Cloud Spot Instances’, IEEE Transactions on Services Computing, Vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 512-524. [12] Sheng Di and Cho-Li Wang (2013), ‘Dynamic Optimization of Multiattribute Resource Allocation In Self-Organizing Clouds’, IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems, Vol. 24, No. 3, pp. 464-478. [13] Xiangping Bu, Jia Rao, and Cheng-Zhong Xu (2013), ‘Coordinated Self-Configuration of Virtual Machines And Appliances Using A Model-Free Learning Approach’, IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems, Vol. 24, No. 4, pp.681-690. [14] Xiaocheng Liu, Chen Wang, Bing Bing Zhou, Junliang Chen, Ting Yang, and Albert Y. Zomaya (2013), ‘Priority-Based Consolidation Of Parallel Workloads In The Cloud’, IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems, Vol. 24, No. 9, pp. 1874-1883. [15] Ying Song, Yuzhong Sun, and Weisong Shi(2013), ‘A Two-Tiered On-Demand Resource Allocation Mechanism For VM-Based Data Centers’, IEEE Transactions on Services Computing, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 116-129.  ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­

Invisable Man - Black Leaders Essay -- essays research papers

At the time that Ralph Ellison writes the novel The Invisible Man there were, as there are today, many ideas on how to improve the black mans status in a segregated nation. Marcus Garvey was a militant black nationalist leader who created a "Back to Africa" movement. On the other side was Booker T. Washington who preached for racial uplift through educational attainments and economic advancement. A man who strayed more on the middle path was W.E.B. Du Bois. He was less militant than Marcus Garvey but was more so than Booker T. Washington. Ellison uses characters from the novel to represent these men. Marcus Garvey is fictionalized as Ras the Exhorter. Booker T. Washington is given voice by the Reverend Barbee. W.E.B. Du Bois is never directly mentioned in the novel. However, the actions and thoughts of W.E.B. Du Bois are very similar to that of the narrator. While all three men were after the same dream they all went about making that dream reality in different ways. There are strengths and weakness that can be found in all three men’s philosophies. The most militant and extreme of the three was Garvey. Marcus Garvey was born Marcus Mosiah Garvey Jr. on August 17 1887, at Saint Ann’s Bay, Jamaica. He was the youngest of eleven children. His father, Malcus (Marcus) Mosiah Garvey, was a stonemason and his mother, Sarah Jane Richards, was a domestic servant and produce grower. He left school at the age of fourteen to serve as a printer’s apprentice. After completing his training he took a job with a printing company in Kingston. There he organized and led a strike for higher wages. He then traveled to Central and South America. He moved to London in 1912 and became interested in African history and culture. He returned to Jamaica two years later and founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) and the African Communities League. The UNIA helped found the Black Muslim movement. In 1916 Garvey moved to the United States. He went to New York City and set up a branch of the UNIA and began a weekly newspaper called the Negro World. Garvey preached that blacks should be proud of who they are. He called for racial pride. Because of his persuasiveness and his eloquence people started to listen to Garvey. Blacks became proud of who they were. Booker T. Washington said to bow down to the whites and accept being inferior. When they hear... ...re they too subtle. Du Bois criticized Garvey’s black power movement and he looked down upon Booker for having such an emphasis on economic independence. Du Bois only fault, like Garvey, was in his belief in racial separation. He would not compromise with whites. During the civil rights movements, individuals and organizations challenged segregation and discrimination with a variety of activities. In the forefront of these movements were Marcus Garvey, Booker T. Washington, and W.E.B. Du Bois. All three of these men had a dream of equality; they lead the way for future leaders such as Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jr. Marcus Garvey preached for racial pride among his people and told them to return to Africa. Booker T. Washington told his followers to accept the status quo and improve themselves through hard work and economic independence. W.E.B. Du Bois told the black community to separate themselves from whites and to gain economic self-reliance. All three men went after the same goal; they just did it in their own ways. There is a thin line between doing nothing and doing too much Works Citied "Garvey, Marcus," Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2000

Shoe market

The up market for shoe industry refers to that segment of the market that prefers to buy expensive luxurious goods because they believe that they deserve quality and experience goods. This market is characterised by the need to buy quality products, the consumers in this up market believe that the high price of a brand of shoe is a sign of quality and therefore they will buy expensive goods.The prices in this kind of market is not determined by the cost of production but by the firm producing the market, the prices are higher than in the other shoe market and therefore consumers spend more on one pair of shoes and therefore the firms in this market will gain more from the consumer surplus they tap.In this market there are a variety of brands and consumers can choose their required product, these shoes are also stylish product in that they are made for consumers who are high income earners and therefore a firm in the industry will only need to market its brand and gain consumerâ€℠¢s attention.  This is a competitive market because of the existence of 15 markets in the industry however ony a few firms have introduced branding and pricing strategy aimed at those high income earners and therefore competition is high in the shoe industry, there is however free entry and exit by firms into the industry.Monopolistic competition:In a monopoly type of market there is only one firm in an industry and there exist barriers to entry and exit into the industry, the firm is also a price maker and not a price taker. In monopoly competition there exist several firms but the firms have little control over prices, there exist many firms in this type of market and each firm commands a small share of the market and therefore the prices are still determined not by demand and supply but by the firm.In the short run in the Greson case the firm will make abnormal profits but in the long run equilibrium this will not be possible as shown by the monopoly competition long run and sh ort run equilibrium:  The diagram below shows a monopoly competitive firm in the short run:  In the short run the firm price is far beyond the average cost and for this reason the firm makes abnormal profits.In the long run in a monopoly competition the equilibrium is as follows:  In the long run the price is equal to the average cost and therefore the firm does not make any abnormal profits, however the assumption underlying this diagram is that the industry has no barriers to entry. Similar essay: Homemade Shoe Polish From CharcoalReferences:Philip Hardwick (2004) Introduction to Modern Economics, Pearson Publishers, New YorkStratton (1999) Economics: A New Introduction, McGraw Hill Publishers, New York

Television Broadcast News: Credible information or Merely Entertainment?

In today’s journalistic world it is sometimes difficult to decipher between news broadcasts rendered as credible information as opposed to merely entertainment. It is safe to say that the media does have a responsibility in reporting the news truthfully and with honesty. As we begin to look more closely on the role of the News Media, local and national, we will find many interesting facets of the broadcasts to be analyzed. It is also expected that the media deliver news that is detailed, informative and credible.Unfortunately the content of the information sometimes broadcasts has other insignificant focuses such as, news regarding celebrities, entertainment (especially here in Los Angeles so close to Hollywood) and other tragic but unnecessary news. The content seems at times unimportant, weak, and falsely dramatic rather than a factual honest and necessary report of important occurrences local, national and international. At times the news seems more like a dramatic soap ope ra rather than news. Competion and monetary gain seems to drive the media to serve information that can be sometimes manipulated or sometimes just simply inappropriate.Another facet of the news media is the status of female anchors and reporters on network and local newscasts, which will be examined in this paper. It is important to note that the media has been known to be a field influenced by gender, racial and ethnic biases. These important topics will also be examined. It seems that the News Media is not very particular in choosing quality journalism these days. Some exceptions do exist although it seems that shows which function as informative shows are merely just entertainment and tabloid-like journalism.Such shows include, â€Å"Entertainment tonight†, â€Å"The E channel† programs, â€Å"Inside Edition†, and â€Å"Access Hollywood† to name a few. Even reality shows like â€Å"Cops† which are credible and reflect real life experiences are p ackaged for entertainment and sensationalist viewing. Also, when analyzing the role of local and national television broadcast news we still need to view the content of these programs with a grain of salt. News broadcasters are more influenced by events that will cause an immediate impact and sensational effect on the viewers than actual, credible and significant news. It is common for news broadcasters to begin the news  with such broadcasts covering such events as a â€Å"Wild Pursuit† or freeway car chase.Or, other such glamorized topics may include the arrest of famous actors or musicians whom have committed crimes. The O. J. Simpson case was a perfect example of such media frenzy or, the famous pop musician George Michaels being arrested for masturbating in the Beverly Hills Park restroom. How can the media choose to cover such insignificant events when the local areas, the nation or the international community has so many other important social, economical, political and humanitarian problems and events that are hardly addressed.Also, when we pursue to analyze the credibility of broadcasters, how are we sure that the information given to us is factual? Are we to believe everything that CNN reports is untainted and free of excessive nonfactual events and information? It would be justified to question the source of reported events and news stories. There has been so many times in which different views and different versions of the same story have been reported by varying news channels. Therefore it is sometimes difficult to decipher between fact or fiction and credible information or merely entertainment.It is also interesting to note that the media tries to maintain an air of social and political correctness when it comes to choosing its journalists although certain biases still due exists in the journalistic field. It is only in recent times that the news media has decided to hire more ethnically diverse journalists. Also in a field that had bee n mostly dominated by men, in recent times we have seen the hiring of more female anchors, reporters and journalists. Sometimes broadcasters use attractive journalists to gain the interest of the viewers.One of the most important TV news personalities of the last 40 years has been the famous Barbara Walters. She is one of the first women to gain acceptability and credibility from television news viewers. Also Christian Amanpour remains the first female TV broadcaster in our history who commands the same kind of respect as the long line of father figures that started with Murrow and continues with Rather, Brokaw and Jennings. Women journalists such as Walters and Amanpour have gained respect and stardom through many years of hard work and struggle through journalism.Nowadays, historic news stories have become the journalistic fast track to celebrity. And this happens so routinely that the search for the new media stars automatically built into coverage of the events themselves. Withi n hours of the attack on the World Trade Center, you could already hear people in the media world asking, â€Å"Who’s going to be made by this one? † Such celebrity came to female anchorwoman Ashleigh Banfield, a 33-year-old Canadian-born journalist when on September 11, Banfield covered groundzero in New York for MSNBC.Standing firm as she became coated with ash, network executives were so dazzled by her on-camera savvy that, although she had almost as little international knowledge as our president, they jetted her off to Pakistan, where she began anchoring the week-nightly news show â€Å"Region in Conflict. † Since then, she seems to have been everywhere for the cable channels covering a variety of important news stories and issues. A similar story occurred when Andrea Thompson made headlines when she recently revealed that she was quitting ABC’s â€Å"N. Y. P.  D Blue† to do a three-month tryout at the CBS affiliate in Albuquerque, N. M. to become a TV anchorwoman.Shortly after Andrea Thompson was hired by the CNN as an anchor. The 39-year-old actress and model has said that she believes her skills as an actress are transferable to TV news, even though she does not have any background in journalism. Although it’s not a matter of acting the news, it’s hard to fake a journalism background if you do not have one. Again this proves how today’s news media functions more as entertainment than credible responsible journalism.Some may say that it does not take any journalism skill to read a news script, and most stations want an appealing person, so why not have a pretty person reading a copy of the news? Personally I believe that this is unfair to other journalists male or female who have pursued a career studying and experiencing modern journalism. It is unfair to hire â€Å"sexy† or â€Å"sexual –attractive† journalists to report the news when the most important factor is the conten t and truthfulness of the news itself. It may be appropriate to flaunt ones sexuality in the fictional soap opera or fictional TV show arena, but not in the modern journalistic forum.Gender and sexuality should not be a factor. It would be hopeful to expect the News Media to cover more events with greater importance and significance to all people rather than to use journalism as a form of entertainment for the masses. Furthermore, it seems to me that the actual event and truth in media shouldn’t be tainted by such factors such as gender, ethnicity, age or how one presents him or herself physically, the events and news topics covered should speak for themselves, not the other way around.

Military Tuition Assistance essayEssay Writing Service

Military Tuition Assistance essayEssay Writing Service Military Tuition Assistance essay Military Tuition Assistance essayThe Military Tuition Assistance is a well-known public policy that ensures certain government benefits to military service members of all branches of the Armed Forces. This public policy has been developed to provide support to military service members with the cost of military tuition. Military Tuition Assistance is considered to be the service that has direct relation to paying for college courses and that has always been highly valued by American users. However, today it raises certain problems that affect future life of the participants. First of all, the benefits provided by Military Tuition Assistance are too difficult to obtain. Second, these benefits are not substantial enough to retain soldiers, marines and other military men. Much has already been done to address the above mentioned problems. The resolution is to shift the policy to better screening students who are applying for the Military Tuition Assistance courses (Mehay Pema, 2010). Th e environment that surrounds the issues of Military Tuition Assistance is favorable to finding the proper resolutions to the identified problems, although there are still some problems that challenge the resolution to the issues of Military Tuition Assistance.The major goal of this paper is to discuss the environment that surrounds the issues of Military Tuition Assistance. The major problems and assets that either support or challenge the resolution to the identified problems will be identified.The major problems that challenge the resolution  to the identified issues of Military Tuition Assistance  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The major problems that challenge the resolution to the identified issues of Military Tuition Assistance include the lack of effective governmental support in the selection of the Armed Forces personnel, including soldiers, marines, guardsman and airmen. There are several effective programs that have been developed to support the major educat ion goals, including up to â€Å"100% Tuition Assistance for college courses taken during off-duty hours† (Military Tuition Assistance, 2014). However, these programs are not suitable for all the Armed Forces personnel.As practically each military service is focused on its own criteria for eligibility in the process of students’ screening for the Military Tuition Assistance courses, the application process has certain restrictions. For example, for the Air Force Service, active duty and reserves are eligible members; for Marines, they are active duty only, while for Navy Service, the eligible members are active duty and naval reserves in AD status (Military Tuition Assistance, 2014). Government does not guarantee success in the application process to all applicants because of the criteria for eligibility.Besides, Military Tuition Assistance, as a public policy developed to enhance education of military personnel, fails to place emphasis on income inequality. According to B. Guy Peters (2012), any public policy can be influenced not only by the persistent unemployment, but also by the growing income inequality in human society.The major assets that support the resolutionto the identified issues of Military Tuition AssistanceThere are certain assets that support the resolution to the identified issues of the Military Tuition Assistance policy. One of the major assets is the ability to improve the lives of young people through Military Tuition courses, promoting their careers in the Armed Forces. It has also been found that more successful students enrolled in the Military Tuition courses are more mature, goal- and career oriented (Mehay Pema, 2010). The resolution aimed at shifting the public policy to better screening students who are applying for the Military Tuition Assistance courses can be supported by the idea that â€Å"military service for some people is what saves them from the chaotic existence of an undirected life† (Viola, 2008, p. 12).As a matter of fact, the military services provide young people with everything that is necessary for personality and personal growth, including motivation, effective reward strategies, the proper values and ethical principles, and even leadership skills. Moreover, â€Å"military forces throughout history have espoused great principles in common: unity, discipline, courage, dedication, and vigilance in service to country† (Viola, 2008, p. 12).Besides, the Military Tuition Assistance is a benefit that should not be repaid unless a person fails to complete the course. Another asset that supports the resolution to the identified issue of Military Tuition Assistance is education benefit. Those applicants who are more experienced and who have the proper personal characteristics will be able to achieve greater academic success than poorly prepared students (Mehay Pema, 2010). Shifting the policy to better screening students who are applying for the Military Tuition Assista nce courses guarantees better results in various academic fields of study.Conclusion  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Thus, it is necessary to conclude that the environment that surrounds the issues of Military Tuition Assistance is favorable to implementation of the resolution to the identified problem, although there are still some challenges to the resolution concerning the issues of Military Tuition Assistance policy. In other words, there are some problems that challenge the resolution to the identified problem, but there are also the assets that support the resolution (e.g. the ability to improve the lives of young people, education assets, the assets caused by personality and personal growth, etc.). Generally speaking, shifting the policy to better screening students who are applying for the Military Tuition Assistance courses provides more assets than problems.

Why the Crusades occurred Essays - 2nd Millennium, Christianization

Why the Crusades occurred Essays - 2nd Millennium, Christianization Why the Crusades occurred By Adam Quinlan center351218500 center698500 Task 1: Primary sources- Pope Urban ll's speech (paper document): On November 27, 1095 in front of the Council of Clermont in Clermont, France Pope Urban ll pronounced a speech that saved the Christian religion "if you wish to be the friends of God, gladly do the things which you know will please him. You must especially let all matters that pertain to the church be controlled by the law of the church" and which almost destroyed the Muslim religion. The purpose of his speech was to announce he was calling a Crusade against the Muslims who were invading Jerusalem (the holy land). In his speech Pope Urban ll told his people that no matter what, if they went to fight the Muslims they would receive a great reward being either going to heaven after death or being drowned in riches if they lived. His proposal of rewards convinced many to join the Crusade and help fight with the Byzantine Empire. Although the purpose of the Crusade was to save Jerusalem, it is believed most people only joined the Crusade because of Pope Urban ll's rewarding offer. Without the Pope's speech would there have been less soldiers fighting against the Muslims and would that have then lead to the Christian Religion's corruption? Pope Urban ll's speech helps us understand the reasoning of the Crusade from the Council's point of view (to save Jerusalem) and from the Soldiers point of view. (Great rewards) An anonymous chronicler's record of the capturing of Jerusalem (letter): In this letter written by an un-known chronicler to his wife, the capturing of Jerusalem by the Crusaders sounds both triumphant and horrific "rejoicing and weeping from extreme joy, our men went to worship our saviour Jesus The Saracens who were still alive dragged the dead ones out in front of the gates, and made huge piles of them, as big as houses and the piles of Muslim bodies were even higher" The letter says that after they captured Jerusalem the crusaders killed many Saracens for fun' and piled their bodies in mountains higher than houses, after this the letter then says that the crusaders stole everything from the village such as silver, gold, horses and mules. This tells historians that the battle in Jerusalem was horrific with thousands of people dying and many badly injured, this also shows us that the crusaders had no respect for the Muslims as they killed them all off for fun' and piled up their bo dies. The letter also lets us know that the reason most of the crusaders joined the battle was partly so they could get rich from the things they found in Jerusalem. This letter is extremely helpful because it gives us a strong idea on what the battle was really like on the inside and it also tells us that maybe the crusaders weren't the good guys in the end, slaying innocent people and showing no respect to their own holy land at times. . These sources both show that the crusaders weren't just fighting to save Jerusalem but they were also going to become rich with gold and silver and many other riches they found during the battles. Essay: Task 2: Why did the Crusades occur? The crusades were cultural wars all conducted by either kings or persons of high rank in the Christian religion, in all there were 9 crusades although only seven of those were thought to be major and relevant. Reasoning for the crusades include things such as A holy place being taken over by foreign rulers following different religions (the first, second, third and also partly the reasoning for the fourth, fifth and sixth crusades) or any region of Christian dominance being threatened. Not all of the Crusades were a success, we know this thanks to letters from crusaders to their loved ones stressing about how they were being overpowered by enemy forces (fifth through to the last crusade). The first, second and third crusade were all successful in re-claiming the holy land (Jerusalem) according to letters written by crusaders from the first crusade their victory over the Turks came quite easily, in fact one chronicler from the first

Maybe You Can Learn to Say Maybe in Spanish

Maybe You Can Learn to Say Maybe in Spanish Spanish has several ways of saying maybe, perhaps, or possibly. Most of the expressions of possibility are frequently used with a verb in the subjunctive mood. Uses of Quizs  or Talvez to Express Possibility Quizs or, as it is also spelled, quiz, is typically used with verbs in the subjunctive mood, although it is not unusual to hear it used with a verb in the indicative mood. Quiz(s) can be used interchangeably with ​talvez, also spelled tal vez. These words are typically placed at the beginning of sentences.   Puede  que, literally meaning it can be when it is the subject of a sentence, is an alternative phrase for expressing possibility. It is normally followed by a verb in the subjunctive mood. Spanish Sentence English Translation Quizs te cases, o quizs no. Perhaps you will get married, or perhaps not. Quiz en otra vida t y yo fuimos amantes. Perhaps in another life you and I were lovers. Quizs ms tarde. Perhaps later. Quiz no venga nadie. Maybe nobody will come. Talvez yo te pueda ayudar. Perhaps I can help you. Tal vez maana sea solo un recuerdo. Perhaps tomorrow will be only a memory. Tal vez no pensaron en esto. Maybe they didnt think about it. Puede que debas cambiar por otro medicamento. Perhaps you ought to switch to another medication. Su plan dental puede que no cubra el costo total de su cuenta. Your dental plan maybe wont cover the total cost of your account. Puede que estemos equivocados. Perhaps we are mistaken. Using Posible The Spanish adjective  posible, meaning possible, can be used to form the adverb  posiblemente, and  can be used in much the same way as  quizs and tal vez, although it is less common than its English counterpart, possibly.   Es posible que, literally meaning it is possible that, can also be used as an alternative to one of the other ways of expressing possibility, and in standard Spanish, it is followed by a verb in the subjunctive mood. Like the English phrase it stands for, es  posible  que often expresses a greater degree of doubt than maybe. For example, Es posible que hoy te vea  translates to, It is possible I will see you today. Spanish Sentence English Translation Posiblemente Cuba no participar en campeonato. Maybe Cuba wont participate in the championship. Posiblemente sea mi imaginacin. It could be my imagination. Si presenta sntomas en primavera, posiblemente sea alrgico al polen. If symptoms appear in the spring, you may be allergic to pollen. Colloquial Way of Expressing Possibility A lo mejor is a more colloquial way to express possibility than quiz and tal vez. Although its literal translation is at what is best, it isnt used that way.  Do  not use the subjunctive mood with a lo mejor. Spanish Sentence English Translation A lo mejor soy imbcil. Perhaps I am stupid. Hay tres cosas que a lo mejor no sabes de m. There are three things that perhaps you dont know about me. A lo mejor nos estn haciendo un favor. Maybe they are doing us a favor.

Porter's Five Forces of Burberry Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Porter's Five Forces of Burberry - Assignment Example The most common barrier that may be faced by new entrants include; cost of entering this industry is very high given the fact that there has been new technological advancement. Secondly, Burberry tends to have cost advantage and well established channels for distributing its products. The cost advantage may acts as a major entry barrier to the new firms. Further, Burberry has well differentiated products such as; Trench coats that its competitors may not be able to emulate. However, fashion industry tends to be very dynamic. This means that entry barriers are low and therefore, Burberry should work to increase internal and external strength to compete with new entrants more efficiently and effectively (Totallyan, 2011). Burberry Company need to have numerous suppliers than it has currently. There is a need for the company to have numerous suppliers so that incase one supplier fail to deliver raw materials for manufacturing fashion products another supplier may be contacted. This may help to reduce loses emanating from prompt delivery of raw materials. In addition, having numerous suppliers may ensure that there is seamless flow of products into the fashion market (Merrill, 2008). In this case buyer’s power is relatively high in the fashion industry under which Burberry is operating. This is because the numbers of large players are increasing making it possible for buyers to switch into brands produced by other companies. However, most of the new entrants do not have differentiated products as compared to Burberry Company. This provides Burberry a competitive advantage over its competitors because of customers brand loyalty. In addition, the buyers are well informed about the products produced by Burberry. This tends to influence their power. Moreover, economic forces such as inflation may affect buyer’s power whereby, during inflation buyers power tend to be low as they become more sensitive to higher price changes (Kotler, Keller, and Lu

Three perspectives of transgenderism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Three perspectives of transgenderism - Essay Example This essay "Human Sexuality" analyzes three perspectives of transgenderism on the basis of the William A Henkin's article. The biological perspective of sexuality brings to the fore, the physiology and anatomy. According to Denman Chess (2004), the above two disciplines decide the aspects of human sexual experience and they can be termed as sexual anatomy and physiology as well as evolutionary theory in the case of transgendered individuals. The sexual experiences in transgendered individuals are much more complex than normal gendered people as there is sex change in the person. Even the normal gender person’s categorization of sex is complex in biological perspective, it is more complex and conflicting in the case of transgendered individuals as chromosomal sex, hormonal status and internal sexual organs as well as external sexual organs change after the change of sex. According to biological perspective, the gender is determined by presence of chromosomes and presence only X chromosomes gives a female gender and presence of both X and Y chromosomes results in a male gender. Hence, in both male and female genders, the chromosome is present and Y is not present in female gender. In the above sense, the female gender dominates biologically and the effects of chromosomal make-up. However, the chromosomal sex has a social function that is a result of biological activities. The biological activities result in hormonal influences to determine the development of sexual activities and they are different in various males and females. That means, the sexual characteristics and the expression of male and female characteristics depend on the hormones released in the body of a person. For example, the genotypic males develop into externally phenotypic females due to constitutional insensitivity of the tissues. These developments can help in changing the gender of a person physically. The above aspect results in transgendered individuals. 1 The Psychological Perspective The transgendered individuals are result of transgendering, which is due to erasing, substituting, concealing and implying of gender and sexuality. Hence, transgendering can be termed as redefining and remake up of gender of a person. This results in psychological changes that is not a part of biological make up and needs counseling in some cases. Ekins Richard (2006) quotes that the gender change results in an atmosphere of new goals as the male and female thinking is different. Ekins Richard quotes Merton's theory of deviating from norms to serve his own interests can be observed in the transgendered individual. This results in a natural attitude that claims 'disinterested purpose' in case of transgendered ind

This case study of marketing shows how an international company, Essay

This case study of marketing shows how an international company, Beiersdorf, combines market research with new product development on its NIVEA Deodorant brand - Essay Example based on variables like age, gender, location and income level.† Market research involves the systematic gathering, recording and analyzing of data about customers, competitors and the market. This links marketers to consumers by supplying essential information to solve marketing challenges and help with marketing decisions. This market research provides companies with up-to-date information about consumer needs and desires, current trends in the market, and what consumers desire. This can lead to a win-win situation as consumers get the opportunity to talk to the providers of products and services and products are developed and improved accordingly. This leads to increased sales. It is crucial that one addresses global issues such as viewing domestic business activities from an international and global point of view before entering a market. An international marketing strategy also assists in cross-cultural communication, cooperative decision-making, and collaborative problem-solving in a multinational corporation management.  This leads to cultural homogeneity.  Interaction and integration, global norms, and ideas or practices all become united.  It is important that the management of a multinational corporation work together to overcome boundaries and differences and to be able to communicate, cooperate, and collaborate in order to effectively work together, communicate, make decisions, and solve problems as a single entity as a successful marketing plan increases globalization which in turn brings the world together. This case study analyzes Beiersdorf, an international company and innovation leader, combining market research with new product develo pment on its NIVEA Deodorant brand to provide exciting new products that better meet consumer requirements. In today’s world, there are numerous of products on the market. In fact, there are too many products and brands to mention as it seems that just about every single thing imaginable has already been

Impact of social media on political change in Egypt Term Paper

Impact of social media on political change in Egypt - Term Paper Example Facebook, Twitter and YouTube have become the most famous sites of social media. These sites bring people on a single platform and give them information all around the world. These are good at interacting people and to stay connected round the clock. It gives updates about what is happening around the people. Moreover, these give freedom of expression to every person residing in any part of the world, which is important to maintain peace in the region (â€Å"The New Arab Revolt†) The role of Social Media in Arab spring (Middle East) The events that took place a year ago in the Middle East made an intense debate on the role played by the social media. The Arab countries are facing two big challenges, which are economic growth and job creation. Hisham Matar considered revolution a boring thing (Albanyadmin). In such situations what was the role of social media? According to Matar, internet was an exaggeration, which represents that the internet was accessible to the elite in the Middle East also; they knew only how to use it who were the ones that brought revolution (Albanyadmin). The second view was that the social media spike an online revolutionary talk after the events that took place in the Middle East. ... The protestors made wide use of these platforms in order to keep united, which gave fanning to the flames. Moreover, it proved that the revolutionary power could not be controlled or stopped by the government authorities. The government had almost failed in their attempt to stop these protests, which were being aided by the social media. When the Egypt government shut off the internet and mobile networks for 5 days from January 28, 2011, it brought out more protesters on the roads, which became a real big problem for the Egyptian government. Social media provided a platform to the Egyptians to raise their voices. It became a source of news and courage to the protestors (Albanyadmin). Matar said that the internet has created a new language (Albanyadmin). The protestors became more violent by this support of social media. Secondly, the outside world has uprisings, which created Arab spring in the past. The protests, disturbances and revolutions were not new. In 1990s, the green mountai n of the Libya had uprisings in the east of the country. Also the same things happened in the 2011 revolution in Libya. The helicopters were sent by Gadaffi to limit the protestors, which also made bombardments on its own citizens (Albanyadmin). There was no as such news about it around the world as there was no proof of it. Especially in Egypt’s revolution, social media played a crucial role. Merely in 18 days, Egyptians succeeded in stepping down President Hosni Mubarak from the power, which reigned almost 30 years. In Tunisia’s revolution, it took 28 days but the result was less peaceful than in Egypt. In Libya, it took 9 months for a revolution to take place with poor peace results (Richards). Reports show

Case Project Assignemnt Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Case Project Assignemnt - Assignment Example In this case, Kaspersky Antivirus can prevent up to 99% of malware from affecting files or applications in a computer (Dennis Technology Labs, 2013). Despite the good functionality, Kaspersky Antivirus has some major weaknesses. For example, it reduces the performance of a computer once it is installed. The antivirus runs automatically when the computer is turned on. The antivirus software is designed in such a way that it monitors any changes on all installed programs in a computer. If the user opens any applications, the antivirus scans them before they can run. In the process, it compares the performance of the application from the time it was updated with its present state. Thus, the background scan significantly reduces the processing speed of the device (Dennis Technology Labs). In addition, Kaspersky Antivirus is unable to block certain content from the web (Dennis Technology Labs, 2013). Kaspersky Antivirus is also among the most expensive antimalware software. For example, in Amazon, one-year subscription for three computers costs $34.23. The cost is significantly high compared to BullGuard, which sells at $18.81. The Windows, ZoneAlarm Pro, and Comodo firewalls are some of the common firewalls available to individuals. They all filter outgoing traffics. Once they are integrated into the operating system, they monitor networks without the configurations of the user. They also have streamlined updating features (Khoeid & Redd, n.d.). The Windows firewall monitors incoming connection requests that initiate the computer to connect to outbound networks. Whenever an outbound network prompts UDP or TCP communication that the user has not initiated, the firewall blocks the connection automatically. Comodo firewall blocks unwanted connections or content from accessing a clean device in a similar way. It works by monitoring application signatures and comparing them with previous versions. If there are changes, Comodo firewall can detect

Pandora Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Pandora - Essay Example Specifically, the company achieves this through the provision of up-to-date music, drama, and related discussion such as a live performance on the company blog. The blog and the ‘Submit your Request’ platforms within the website allow users to create free online profiles to participate in discussions. The personalized station established the Music Genome Project allows the users to edit or refine the content to fit the personal change in music taste and preferences.The interactive feature on the Pandora.com website characterizes it as a social media platform. The social media is an online phenomenon that supports connectivity and interaction, as well as encouraging contributions and feedbacks on online topics from the members and users of the virtual community. The essential features of the social media include connectedness, participation, openness, and conversation. The Pandora.com supports these characteristics through the blog where users post and contribute to the a rticles on various topics.Another unique and primary feature of the social media is the user-created and maintained an online profile that facilitate digital dialog. Although Pandora.com does not have an intensive and user-enabled profile like Facebook, it has a platform that supports online contribution and commenting on the available topics. The Pandora.com internet community has a common interest in music and comedy categorizing the website as a specified social media that confines its engagement within the entertainment industry

Case Project Assignemnt Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Case Project Assignemnt - Assignment Example In this case, Kaspersky Antivirus can prevent up to 99% of malware from affecting files or applications in a computer (Dennis Technology Labs, 2013). Despite the good functionality, Kaspersky Antivirus has some major weaknesses. For example, it reduces the performance of a computer once it is installed. The antivirus runs automatically when the computer is turned on. The antivirus software is designed in such a way that it monitors any changes on all installed programs in a computer. If the user opens any applications, the antivirus scans them before they can run. In the process, it compares the performance of the application from the time it was updated with its present state. Thus, the background scan significantly reduces the processing speed of the device (Dennis Technology Labs). In addition, Kaspersky Antivirus is unable to block certain content from the web (Dennis Technology Labs, 2013). Kaspersky Antivirus is also among the most expensive antimalware software. For example, in Amazon, one-year subscription for three computers costs $34.23. The cost is significantly high compared to BullGuard, which sells at $18.81. The Windows, ZoneAlarm Pro, and Comodo firewalls are some of the common firewalls available to individuals. They all filter outgoing traffics. Once they are integrated into the operating system, they monitor networks without the configurations of the user. They also have streamlined updating features (Khoeid & Redd, n.d.). The Windows firewall monitors incoming connection requests that initiate the computer to connect to outbound networks. Whenever an outbound network prompts UDP or TCP communication that the user has not initiated, the firewall blocks the connection automatically. Comodo firewall blocks unwanted connections or content from accessing a clean device in a similar way. It works by monitoring application signatures and comparing them with previous versions. If there are changes, Comodo firewall can detect

Vocabulary and semantics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Vocabulary and semantics - Essay Example Hence the phrase, flea market Today, the term is used to describe rent spaces for traders dealing in used goods that are of low quality and at low prices. Morphology Morphology is the study of word structure. Morphology is the process of identifying, analyzing and describing the structures of a language’s morphemes and other linguistic units, such as root words, parts of speech and intonation or stress. The term â€Å"flea market† is made up of two words; flea and market, which are the morphemes to this phrase. A morpheme is the smallest single unit in the grammar of a language and its study is called morphology. A morpheme may not be a word as a morpheme has to stand on its own. There are free and bound morphemes. A free morpheme is a single unit that stands on its own and has meaning, whereas a bound morpheme appear as only parts of words, always supported by the root or by another bound morpheme. The term â€Å"flea market† is made up of two free morphemes as the word â€Å"flea† can stand on its own and still have meaning and also the word â€Å"market† has meaning on its own. ... The phrase â€Å"flea market† can also be thought to be a place inhabited by dirty traders. A collocation is a sequence of words or terms that co-occur more often than would be expected by chance (Durkin, 2009). A collocation can be said to be two or more words that often go together, and may sound correct to a native speaker but be unnatural and sound wrong. The term â€Å"flea market† sounds correct to a native speaker but may be very disturbing to a person, who is just learning the language, as that a person can loosely interpret it to be a place where fleas are sold. Semantic relationships Semantics is the study of meanings; the phrase â€Å"flea market† can be taken literally to mean a place where fleas are sold, or we can take the meaning where it denotes a place where second-hand items are sold. There are different semantic relationship types, and they include; Synonyms Synonyms are words that mean exactly the same. According to the Macmillan dictionary, t he term â€Å"flea† is synonymous to aphid, beetle and black widow, as all are types of insects (Hurford, 1996). The term â€Å"market† is synonymous to shop, as both are places where goods are traded. The phrase â€Å"flea market† is synonymous to yard sale. Antonyms Antonyms are words pairs whose meanings are opposite and lie in a continuous spectrum. The term â€Å"flea† has no antonym as there are so many things and animals that are opposites of insects. The term â€Å"market† is also broad as it involved buying and selling which are opposites of each other. As a modern place of trade dealing in mostly new items, a mall can be used as an antonym to a flea market. Pragmatic usage Pragmatics is a minor field of linguistics and studies ways how context contributes to the

The Issues For Building Resilient Communities Environmental Sciences Essay

The Issues For Building Resilient Communities Environmental Sciences Essay Hazards are found everywhere and so the onus is always upon the communities involved to find ways to deal with such hazards (Benini et al 2008), some of which may have serious consequences while others may be less serious. Harzards which are posed by disasters may however, have far reaching effects on the local communities and in most cases there may not be adequate ways of tackling these and the communities must learn to live with such hazards. This essay will make an attempt to evaluate the nature of harzards their effects that call upon certain measures of resilience to be affected to deal with the same. It is the view of this essay that in areas where disasters are prone, there may be more hazards and hence also, more resilience responses by the members of the communities than in areas where such disasters and hence harzards are less (Garg et al 2007). But this view is only limited to the extent where natural disasters are common and not necessarily in areas where other disasters might occur, because, while natural hazards may be common place in certain areas for instance flooding and cyclone in Bangladesh due to its geographical position, fire hazards may occur in any country irrespective of its geographical location and hence the scope of this discussion will be limited to the kind of hazard that will be used (Berkes, Colding, Folke 2003, Zhou H., et al 2008). Disasters which often lead to hazards may be defined as those occurrences that are unplanned and are sudden or even anticipated and whose effects are often widespread (Benini et al 2008). Disasters have over the years struck different parts of the world and as much as they are not anticipated, there is never a guarantee that they have stopped. The essay will also present ways in which resilience communities might be build to deal with several hazards, which might arise in such a way that when such hazards arise the effects may not be too great to bear. According to Hollings (2004) and Hewitt (2004) resilience is important when dealing with hazards fro a number of ways; First, it creates a holistic approach to dealing with hazards on the basis of common notion or scientific suggestions, second, it provides the community with a multi-hazard response approach where the society will always know how to approach a hazardous situation from different perspective and lastly, being a forward looking approach, it can help a society to build response policy for dealing with hazards as and when they occur. Vulnerability of communities When a community is faced by disasters, there may either be resilience or vulnerability. In the view of this paper, resilience is the ability of the society to deal with such disasters and to overcome with little or not casually whatsoever, while vulnerability is the situation where the society is resigned to the harm caused by the disasters and the occurrence of the same will often come with devastating effects (Berkes, Colding, Folke 2003). Hazards, which are often a result of disasters, must hence be deal with using systematic or had-oc mechanisms (Islam , Deegan 2008). According to Backoff (2001), the people who live in stressed conditions are often more predisposed to cope that those in other conditions, and in the view of this report and according to (Jordan 2009), the levels of coping with such conditions may often change due to changes in the intensity of the conditions (Garg et al 2007). Different communities hence have different ways for dealing with hazards as they arise and while some may have a holistic approach to dealing with hazards for instance, tackling all hazards in the same way, others might have specific approach to dealing with the same (Zuberi 1988). There may hence be a debate as to which approach is the best. The nature of intervention build by a community may hence be viewed as a matter of tradition and culture than as a matter of snap policy. The Coast of Bangladesh This area of Bangladesh is considered the most hazardous due to the problems that are posed by environmental hazards to the residents each year (Islam , Deegan 2008). When the cyclone roars, it causes with it death and unimaginable injuries to the people living in these areas . What often happens here is that when the anti-clockwise cyclone starts offshore as a result of low atmospheric pressure, it increases the height of the water to a few meters and with a wind of about 190km/ hour, when such water is pushed to the land, it causes massive destruction (Garg et al 2007). Official figures showing the history of such disasters in Bangladesh indicates that this cyclone killed 0.5 million in 1970, and it was known as the great cyclone. Also, this coastal area is not strange to tornadoes and between 1877 and 1987, Bangladesh suffered a total of 19 serious cyclones with such tornadoes often carrying properties and depositing them tens of kilometres away and in the course of doing so, leaves masses of people, dead, injured or homeless (Salman 2009). The government records indicate that in 1987, 1988, 1998, 2004 and 2007, several floods have raved Bangladesh leading to serous deaths. In 2004, 40% of the capital city was affected, the experts have warned that the effects of global warming will become the cause of hazard in the recent times, and that Bangladesh must be ready to face it or deal with it (Salman 2009, Islam, Deegan 2008). Hazards and Vulnerabilities Bangladesh faces many problems occasioned by disasters which are both natural and man-made (Zuberi 1988), including flooding, silent but rampant spread of HIV-AIDS, Child Malnutrition and of course poverty. With relations to flooding, which will form our main subject matter, there are many contributory factors that have made this country and especially the coastal region to be most vulnerable to disasters (Kumar, Reddy 2007), first, as stated earlier, the country sits on the path of hot air and cold air meeting points making it vulnerable to cyclones and torrential rains which often cause havoc to the people in the region, Bangladesh is geographically placed on an estuary where the sea curves into the masses of land on either side at the bay of Bengal (appendix 1) and when the moist air from the sea meets with dry air on the land then the results is heavy rainfall, that may be up to several millimetres higher in a day that most places get in a several days (Salman , 2009), secondly, Bangladesh has probably the highest concentration of river estuaries within a small mass of land, than any other country, making it vulnerable to flooding when the rivers break their banks, thirdly, Banglade sh also has one of the highest population densities in the world with a density of 1045 per square kilometre (AsiaInfo 2010). With such a high population density, (Salman 2009, Malone 2009), noted that any occurrence in hazard will definitely have devastating effect on the masses. This explains why whenever there is flooding in this county, the number of deaths will always running to several hundreds if not thousands. Fourth, this country has one of the highest poverty levels in the world and certainly one of the poorest in South East Asia region (Medical News 2008, Jordan 2009), with dowry payment that often runs to more that hundreds of times of average daily wages, being blamed for such levels since families try to save a lot of money in a lifetime and luxury or even mere subsistence is non existence (Mahmud , Amin 2006, Garg et al 2007). With such levels of poverty, it is the view of this report that the government does not also have any resources to provide for its population, indeed if there are no provisions to support the population in normal times, then, such may not be available when hazards strike. Fifth, the levels of ignorance in this area and especially at the coastal regions is extremely high that the population has not ideal whatsoever about issues of climate change, or weather conditions (Martin et al 2006, Berkes 2007), and this has led to late reaction when floods are developing since people go about their businesses as if nothing is happening and by the time they begin to react, it is often very late. According to (Hudson 2008), when a society does not appreciate the issues surrounding their safety, especially when such issues are caused by natural catastrophes, then the results are often catastrophic as such societies are often well placed on the time-bomb of prolonged danger and destruction. But, lack of awareness is often related to the levels of poverty in the society and this can hence be attributed as a secondary issue of vulnerabilit y in this region of Bangladesh, since it is a result of general levels of poverty, but not necessarily of ignorance, as the people in the cities are often more informed than those in the rural areas (Martin et al 2006). But (Zuberi 1988), argued that disasters have not subjective effects, and levels of ignorance have never spared or saved a society when disasters are about to strike, however, these views are subjective, since, the nature of destruction and hazards posed by disasters largely depend on the kind of hazards in question (Malone 2009). Building resilience In an area where flooding hazard is an issue that has continued to affect the society for decades, resilience is crucial. According to (Berkes 2007) , it is important to build good resilience to ensure that the hazards are reduced and their effected minimised. Resilience, provides a society with ways of avoiding suffering not only for the present but also for the future (Kumar, Reddy 2007). However, this has to be carried out systematically, lest it fails. There is a need to ensure that there is greater acceptability of the resilience mechanism by the society in such a way that programs being given immediately take off with general consensus of the masses (Hudson 2008). It should however be noted that for issues affecting cultural practices, it is important to tread carefully, and ensure that local community heads are put on the forefront of the program. Such activities may include; the local government representatives and religious reasons. From the information presented above, it can be seen that the coastal region of Bangladesh is extremely vulnerable to flood hazard dating back to past decades. One of the noticeable but simple and less effective ways that the people in the coastal regions of Bangladesh have been doing is to build elevated wooden structures (Zhou H., et al 2008). Of course the choice of material has nothing to do with building defences but everything to do with subjection to poverty, since, in the view of this essay, stronger housing, are necessary for creating some level of defences against flooding, but, wooden structures do not provide such resilience (Bennett et al 2010). In this region, people have also adapted to creating sandbags from soil and placing them around the vulnerable areas near the river as a way of having a sustained defence against flooding caused by overflow rivers (Malone 2009) , but these methods are carried out at micro level and there is no way they can be judged as effective. According to (Zhou H., et al 2008), the government must priorities its response mechanism and involve the local community in the process. This essay holds the view that, in order to create resilience, the following must be considered; first, the government need to start long term empowerment programs where people will be empowered economically, in Bangladesh, the United Nations bodies have continued to engage the local population in empowerment programs (Swalheim, Dodman 2008), but this has been short term and aimed at putting food on the table, rather than creating long term propensity to purchase. There is a need to ensure that self-sustaining economic activities are encouraged and this can be done through the provision of facilities for cottage industry, subsidies, tax holidays and fetching for markets for the products (Garg et al 2007). Cottage industries are preferred than agriculture which the people have for so long relied on, but without tangible success, secondly, there is a need to create a nationwide awareness for cultural change where people will be encouraged to change their attitude towards marriage and d owry (Mahmud , Amin 2006, Garg et al 2007). This will obviously be very hard to achieve, but it can be made to be part of the long-term strategy to making people to spend their money, this will result in increment in the general levels of riches in the region. Third, there is a need to ensure that the population in the coastal region avoids practices that put the environment in jeopardy and instead, engage in such practices as will lead to environmental sustenance, including, responsible disposal of non-biodegradable materials, some of which are used to make the makeshift houses, and afforestation. The premise here is that, due to higher levels of rainfall every year, it is possible to plant trees in millions in the whole region and especially by the river areas. The trees to be planted should initially be such that have a faster growth pattern, which will grow fast and act as barriers to erosion and windbreakers (Garg et al 2007). This is a sure long-term defence that will transform the region forever, and guarantee life for posterity. When the forest cover is developed, it is possible to embark on agriculture and this will develop the area further as famine will be a thing of the past, and the society, which will have also developed cottage industry will be in a good position not only to provide for their food but also housing. The view held by this essay is that afforestation and development of cottage industry are crucial in building resilience. On particular importance is afforestation, which will control climate change as Bangladesh still sits on the path of the wrath of climate change. Rampant flooding, which causes with it deaths, sicknesses, destruction of property and other problems will continue to affect this area if nothing is done to develop a long term solution (Bennett et al 2010, Garg et al 2007). Bangladesh will remain on the Bay of Bengal and if irrigation continues in India and silt is deposited in Bangladesh along river Ganges, then nothing can be done from the side of India, then activities for conservation must be undertaken in Bangladesh, and everyone should participate. Discussion and Conclusion This essay has managed to highlight the historical issues that have put Bangladesh on the path of flood and hazards. Hazards have had devastating effects on a people and their property and when it is perennial, the effects may lead to a cycle of poverty that may not come to an end. The need for resilience in the societies is therefore vital and as seen in the case of coastal areas of Bangladesh, geographical disposition of the country makes it very vulnerable and especially the coastal regions which (Garg et al 2007). The people of this country are also very poor and that translates to governments inability to provide for emergency, leaving the people exposed to floods and cyclones. In this area most people, have erected elevated houses to stay above the flood lines but when such houses are built on cardboards and polythene and even wooded materials, the defence created are very much minimised and instead, lack of sanitation and these materials, cause further problems to the environment (Garg et al 2007). As much as there are issues that can be viewed as being taboos, it is important to ensure that such taboos are gradually but surely dealt with. Most notable was the issue of dowry and issues of HIV AIDS which are also contributory to disasters in this country . What needs to be done, is to create a level of higher purchasing power and this can be done through engaging the community in cottage industries than agriculture, which can be encouraged by the government who should get the market for the people and technology too (Swalheim, Dodman 2008), along with this, there may be more acceptance to embark on tree planting activities and if the government sets targets for a certain number of trees to be planted, then this will provide impetus to the people to do the same, but they must be taught about the importance of environmental conservation (Garg et al 2007, Martin et al 2006). Later on, as economic conditions improve, and when the trees have developed, people can then be taken through responsible agricultural training. The government should work with and encourage community-based organisations to mobilise and encourage the local communities to undertake such projects. By creating an enabling economic environment in the region, most people will be willing to undertake any other conservation programs that will crate long term resilience to the hazards that have continued to affect this region (Swalheim, Dodman 2008, Berkes 2007). Bangladesh, by virtue of its location, needs long-term resilience mechanism as a country to deal with hazards that are evolving. The need to understand that the problems facing this country will increase as climate change is also becomes more serious. The local population will not, on their own develop resilience unless the government leads with its resources. References AsiaInfo (2010) Bangladesh country information [Online] available from < http://www.asianinfo.org/asianinfo/bangladesh/bangladesh.htm> accessed on 25th May, 2010. Bennett et al (2010) Exploring the meaning of health security for disaster resilience through peoples perspectives in Bangladesh. Elsevier Ltd. Newcastle upon Tyne. Benini et al (2008) Resilience and Vulnerability in Long-Term NGO Clients. Findings from an RDRS Bangladesh Panel survey. Bangladesh; Berkes F., (2007) Understanding uncertainness and reducing vulnerability: lessons from resilience thinking. Vol 41., Number 2. Netherlands. Berkes F., Colding J., Folke C., (2003) Navigating social-ecological systems: building resilience for complexity and change. Cambridge University Press. Fiona R., (2010) Social Networking and adaptation in rural Bangladesh. Vol 2. Number 1. Garg et al (2007) From Vulnerability to Resilience: The Challenge of Adaptation to Climate Change. Case studies from Bangladesh, Brazil, China, India, South Africa and Korea. Hewitt K. (2004) A synthesis of the symposium and reflection on reducing risk through partnerships. Winnipeg. Hollilngs C., (2004) From Complex regions to complex Worlds. Ecology and Sociology. Hudson R., (2008) International Journal of Innovation and Sustainable Development. Vol 3. Number 3/4 . Durham University. Islam A., Deegan C., (2008) Motivations for an organisation within a developing country to report social responsibility information: Evidence from Bangladesh. Vol 21. Issues 6. Jordan J., (2009) Rethinking community resilience to climate change: does a social capital lens help?. Belfast. Kumar, P., Reddy S., (2007) Ecology and human well-being. Sage Publications. Mahmud S., Amin S. (2006) Girls Schooling and Marriage in rural Bangladesh. Research in the sociology of Education. Vol 15. Malone E., (2009) Resilience, Climate Change, and security: Modelling the Connections. Baltimore. Martin et al (2006) Vulnerability and Risk Reduction through a community based system for flood monitoring and forecasting. Medical News (2008) Major Cause of Poverty in Bangladesh is Marriage Dowry. [Online] available from < http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/127710.php> accessed on 26th May, 2010. Salman A., (2009) Bangladeshs economy: surrounded by deadly threats. International Journal of Social Economics. Vol 36. Issue  ½. Swalheim S., Dodman D., (2008) Building resilience: how the urban poor can drive climate adaptation. Zhou H., et al (2008) Resilience to natural hazards: a geographic Perspective. Vol 53. Number 1. Netherlands. Zuberi M., (1988) Environmental, Socio-Cultural and development linkages in a South Asia set-up. Vol 25. issue 6-8.

geothermal energy :: essays research papers

GEOTHERMAL ENERGY Geothermal energy is one of the oldest sources of energy. It is simply using and reusing (reusable energy) heat from the inside of the earth. Most of the geothermal energy comes from magma, molten or partially molten rock. Which is why most geothermal resources come from regions where there are active volcanoes. Hot springs, geysers, pools of boiling mud, and fumaroles are the most easily exploited sources. The ancient Romans used hot springs to heat baths and homes, and similar uses are still found in Iceland, Turkey, and Japan. The true source of geothermal energy is believed to come from radioactive decay occurring deep within the earth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Electricity is one of the biggest outputs of geothermal energy. It was first recorded to produce electricity in 1904 in Italy. There are now geothermal power plants in operation in New Zealand, Japan, Iceland, the US and elsewhere.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For the generation of electricity, hot water, at temperatures ranging from about 700 degrees F, is brought from the underground reservoir to the surface through production wells, and is flashed to steam in special vessels by release of pressure. The steam is separated from the liquid and fed to a turbine engine, which turns a generator. In turn, the generator produces electricity. Spent geothermal fluid is injected back into peripheral parts of the reservoir to help maintain reservoir pressure. If the reservoir is to be used for direct-heat application, the geothermal water is usually fed to a heat exchanger before being injected back into the earth. Heated domestic water from the output side of the heat exchanger is used for home heating, greenhouse heating, vegetable drying and a wide variety of other uses. Hot water and steam exist at many subsurface locations in the western U.S.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  These resources can be classified as low temperature (less than 194 degrees F), moderate temperature (194 – 302 degrees F), and also high temperature (greater than 302 degrees F). The uses to which these resources are applied are also influenced by temperature. If the reservoir is to be used for direct-heat application, the geothermal water is usually fed to a heat exchanger before being injected back into the earth. Heated domestic water from the output side of the heat exchanger is used for home heating, greenhouse heating, vegetable drying and a wide variety of other uses. Hot water and steam exist at many subsurface locations in the western U.

Leibniz And Spinoza As Applied To Baseball :: essays research papers

Essay 2   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First we will consider the assigned baseball scenario under Leibniz’s system of metaphysics. In the baseball scenario, the aggregate of the player, bat, pitch, swing and all the other substances in the universe are one and all contingent. There are other possible things, to be sure; but there are also other possible universes that could have existed but did not. The totality of contingent things, the bat, the player, etc., themselves do not explain themselves. Here Leibniz involves the principle of reason; â€Å"there can be found no fact that is true or existent, or any true proposition, without there being a sufficient reason for its being so and not otherwise.† There must be, Leibniz insists, something outside the totality of contingent things (baseball games) which explains them, something which is itself necessary and therefore requires no explanation other than itself.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This forms Leibniz’s proof for the existence of God; a version of Aquinas’s cosmological arguments. God, then, is the necessary being which constitutes the explanation of contingent being, why the universe is this way rather than any other. Not only is God the explanation of the baseball scenario but he is also the source of the intelligibility of such concepts as bat, swing and pitch. Leibniz goes further to prove the omniscience of God. If God is the explanation of the intelligibility of the universe, then God must have ‘access’ to that intelligibility, such that God could be said to know what it is that being allowed to exist---that is, God must have the ability to grasp complete concepts. Not only does God constitute the contingent baseball game but he also knows what will take place before it happens. The pitch, swing and hit all take place not because God creates them but because he allows them. There is only one constraint on what God allows to happen, it must not violate Leibniz’s other basic principle---non-contradiction. God could not allow it to happen that the batter hit the ball and the pitcher got a strike. God chooses the universe that is most perfect, therefore the hitter hitting the ball out of he park was the most perfect of all possibilities.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Leibniz uses the word ‘Monad’ to mean that which is one, has no parts and is therefore indivisible. These are the fundamental existing things. A monad contains within itself all the predicates that are true of the subject of which it is the concept, and these predicates are related by sufficient reason into a vast single network of explanation.

Kip Kinkel Essay

Kip Kinkel was a high school student at Thurston High who was incarcerated for killing his parents, 5 students, and injuring over 20 other kids at school. Kip had a lot of psychological problems due to the biological and social aspects of his life, that maybe if had been treated properly, would not have made him feel the need to commit the crimes that he did. To begin, Kip Kinkel had many biological problems that may have kick started his problems from a young age. He had dyslexia, so he could not read and write very well. This caused him to fall behind in class and have to be held back a year. Biological psychologists would say that he had this problem due to his brain structure and chemicals and his brain that were dysfunctional and it caused him to have learning problems. He was also too small for his age, this made him get bullied by other boys at school. Psychoanalytic psychologists would say that because he had bed experience as a child, he probably would become bitter and feel like an outcast later in life as well. His mother was older than the recommended age to have babies and still be healthy, biological psychologists would say that this may have caused some abnormalities in his body and brain, such as the small body for his age, and dyslexia. Kip Kinkel had a terrible social life at home and at school. He got bullied in school because of his small body image; according to humanistic psychologists, this would lead him to low self esteem. He also had a lack of friends because growing up, he only had one friend, who was a girl, because he lived in a house that was kind of secluded in the woods, so there weren’t many kids around. He also got held back a year while all of his friends went on to the next grade. This would make him feel lonely and isolated according to the humanistic approach. Kip had a bad relationship with his family as well. He did not live up to his parents standards, and he did not really have anything to bond with his father over, except guns. This probably made him insecure about himself, always trying to be better than he was to please his parents. According to the psychoanalytic theory, security and parental relationships are major influences on personality. Kip also had many psychological issues that may have pushed him over the edge. He was diagnosed with depression, and given Prozac. However, shortly after he was starting to feel okay, the doctors took him off of it. This made him depressed again, but nobody realized it. He was also believed to be a schizophrenic because he would talk about â€Å"the voices in my head†, however he was never diagnosed and never treated for it. The combination of depression and schizophrenia lead him to maladaptive behaviors, according to the cognitive perspective, such as exploding homemade bombs and shooting things to take out his anger and relieve stress. Incarceration may not have been the been conclusion for the crimes that Kip committed. All of the things he did were because of his of his psychological problems that were caused from the social and biological aspects of his life growing up, and that were mistreated. If Kip had been better treated medically, the shootings may have not happened. Kip Kinkel is just the severe victim of his disorders, not just a cold hearted killer.

Psychological Testing

Psychological testing – is a field characterized by the use of samples of behavior in order to assess psychological construct(s), such as cognitive and emotional functioning, about a given individual. The technical term for the science behind psychological testing is psychometrics. By samples of behavior, one means observations of an individual performing tasks that have usually been prescribed beforehand, which often means scores on a test. These responses are often compiled into statistical tables that allow the evaluator to compare the behavior of the individual being tested to the responses of a norm group. 2 Angry Men Manuel Paniagua Correa 12 Angry Men The communication process depicted on the movie was certainly effective. The 12 jurors’ decision involved the life of a young man. Even when the communication barriers sometimes froze the process of communication, the persistence of one of the jurors, juror 8, was key in keeping the men involved in the decision proc ess. Juror 8 was unlike the other jurors, he had the ability to keep the men engaged in the discussion that lead to the conclusion of the movie.Even though it was not easy, the main objective of providing a fair and unanimous decision was accomplished at the end of the film. During the jury decision process, communication barriers were present. All of the members that were involved in the jury had different backgrounds and culture. Many of the juries expressed anger, frustration and stubbornness regarding their respective positions. These jurors frequently interrupted one another and proved to be very disrespectful within the group.Communication barriers where present when they did not pay attention to each other. These barriers were evident when the jurors were centered only on their personal opinions and not willing to listen to their peers. Formal communication started when juror number 8 stated his disagreement and concern for the boy’s future. When juror #8 started expre ssing he’s uncertainty with the boy being guilty, he encouraged the other jurors or team members to critically think before passing judgment.The movie offered many instances where non-verbal communication expressed the group’s dissatisfaction with the current discussion. At certain times, during the process, the jurors coughed implying disapproval. They often times played simulated board games in order to keep themselves occupied while a team member speaking. Facial gestures was also evident, this expressed the member’s frustration and disapproval of the information that was being communicated. There were communication..

Fair Value accounting Essay

The squabble on the issue of what accounting measurements will be used as the standard for financial instruments had caused the on-going debate with various proponents of accounting standard; even today, proponents of every side argues on the basis of their advantages over the others. Among these contending parties are the proponents of the fair value accounting and those who favored accounting standard based on the historical costs. Hitz (2007, p. 324) pointed out the increasing importance of fair value as an accounting measurement attributes. Hitz stated that today, the â€Å"cost and transaction-based reporting model is in decline and a new market value and event-based model is on the rise† (Hitz, p. 324). Citing the significance of fair value accounting, Hitz mentioned that starting out as a specific remedy for the iniquities of the reporting model for certain financial instruments â€Å"fair value has manifested it self as a dominant measurement paradigm for financial instruments and, more recently, has increasingly been implemented for measurements of non-financial items† (Hitz, 324) such as investment property. On the other hand, while Hitz adhere to the tenets of fair value accounting, he recognized the views of the opponents of fair value accounting particularly the criticism regarding the questionable reliability of fair value measures notably for model-based estimates relying on management’s expectation and projections. However, Hitz asserts that results on empirical research regarding value measurement â€Å"support the incremental value relevance of fair value disclosure for securities (Petroni and Wahlen, 1995; Barth et al., 1996 as cited by Hitz). The Australian accounting standards Board (AASB) though recognizes other accounting standards it recognizes fair value accounting as the main financial instruments which applies in various financial processes and transaction within AASB. The AASB defines Fair value as â€Å"the amount for which an asset could be exchanged or a liability settled, between knowledgeable, willing parties in an arms length transaction† (p. 21) Fair value has been the standards in evaluating and managing the performances of a group financial assets or financial liabilities. In the ASSB 7, paragraph 9 to 11 and B 4 the ASSB require the entity to provide disclosures about financial assets and financial liabilities it has designated at fair value through profit or loss including how it satisfied these conditions (ASSB, p. 17). This clearly indicate that fair value accounting as a financial standard instrument have been effectively use and provide significant contribution to the financial situation. This is clearly reflected in the following statement from the ASSB as follows: â€Å"investment in equity instrument that do not have a quoted market price in an active market, and whose fair value cannot be reliably measured shall not be designated as at fair value through profit or loss† (p. 18). The Fair value of any investment plays an important in determining market condition as the fair value of a particular financial instrument is based on the following factors a. the time value of money, b. the credit risk, c. foreign currency exchange prices, d. commodity prices, e. equity prices, f. volatility, and g. payment risk. Regardless of the accounting standard used, accounting plays an important role in financial reporting. While M. J. Milne’s discussion focus on the importance of accounting in financial management including accounting standards that lead to increases in reported earnings,   citing the arguments of Watt and Zimmerman Milne (2002) puts it â€Å"Managers have greater incentives to choose accounting standards which lower earnings thereby increasing cash flows, firm value, and their welfare, due to tax political, and regulatory considerations than to choose accounting standards which reports higher earnings and, thereby increase their incentive compensation† (p. 372). Obviously, accounting standards contributes to the financial situation not only of the firm that uses such standards but the entire financial realm. In this case, Milne partly hinted as to why trillions of dollars went off the global financial market balance sheets and why asset values experience decline. Milne seem to mean that managers choose accounting standards that reported lower earning yet, it increase the firm’s cash flows, the firm value, and their welfare, due to higher tax and political pressures. In this case the real market value as well as the real earnings were reassigned to somewhere else or as Milne suggest, to cash flows and their value. Given this accounting standard, it is no wonder that management will lobby financial instrument that reduce reported earnings to avoid taxes, regulatory procedures, and all other costs. As Milne stressed, â€Å"ordinarily, managers are predicted to have greater incentives to lobby for accounting standards that lead to increase in reported earnings and thereby management wealth. However, since changes in cash flows and stock prices can also be affected by taxes, regulatory procedures, information costs and political costs, managers also have to consider the effects of reported earnings might have on the likelihood that such costs could be imposed on the firm† (p. 372). The trillions of dollars that were written off the global financial market balance sheets and the massive decline of asset values can therefore be attributed to these factors accompanying this accounting standard, and the commentators were partly right in their opinion regarding this massive decline of asset values. However, this does suggest that that money going to taxes, regulatory procedures, political costs, and information costs are lost money and that regulatory procedure should be viewed as negative for business activities. Regulatory procedures should be viewed in even broader terms that include all forms of social control and influence. Michael Greiffin emphasized that this should also include â€Å"not only the corporations legislative requirement but also other rules and directions, such as professional accounting standards and stock exchange requirements† (p. 2 par. 3). Graffikin pointed out that regulation is considered desirable â€Å"where there windfall profits† – where through some fortuitous event is able to make above â€Å"normal† profits. Regulations should be seen as necessary in the rationalization and coordination of economic activity so as to organize behaviour of industries in an efficient manner (graffikin, p. 3).