Children of a Lesser God Essay Example for Free

Children of a Lesser God EssayThis film is base on a stage play of the same title. It tells about James Leeds, a man who teaches children with special needs in a enlighten for the indifferent(p) and those who are hard of hearing. He is a devoted and inventive teacher who shows a deep compassion for his students, applying teaching methods he could think of just to draw and quarter out the interest of his students to learn, do more and accomplish things to the fullest of their capacity. James meets and falls in love with Sarah Norman, a beautiful woman who works for the same school and has been deaf since she was a baby. At first Sarah avoids James until he is able to draw her out from her shell and eventually he is able to convince her to go together. Sarah is full of bitterness, hurt and other emotional scars over the mistreatment she experienced while she was growing up because of her impairment and this jeopardizes their relationship. Sarah has to come to terms with her per sonal issues and needs to tone that she is an independent woman.In due course, they are able to settle things amidst the difficulties they come across in communication. The movie made me realize the significance of communication among people and people who pass on communication disorders should be given special attention in order for them to be heard. Even individuals who are fully capacitated physically have a hard time in getting messages dumb. I just hope that there will be more teachers like James Leeds in this world who loves what he does and changes the lives of other people.The movie, which focuses mostly on the hearing impaired, is very much relevant to this course. It gives us the glimpse of how they live and struggle to be understood and to understand others. It portrays the complexity of their lives and helps us appreciate how difficult things are for them and moves us to do something for them.WORKS CITED Children of a Lesser God. Dir. Randa Haines. Perfs. William Hurt , Marlee Matlin, Piper Laurie, Phillip Bosco. VCD. Paramount Pictures, 1986.

Influence of pH on the activity of Potato catalase Essay Example for Free

Influence of pH on the activity of Potato catalase Essay therefore SA = 7. 065mmi. So, 7. 065mmi x 50mm will provide the volume of the 5cmi space in the manometer tube, which is 353. 25mmi. The prize of reply can now be calculated as Rate of Reaction = Volume Time The results for the rate of reaction are displayed as follows pH Average Time/Seconds Rate of ReactionRate of Reaction Results Graph Conclusion From the average time and rate of reaction results, it can clear be seen that the fastest and shortest reaction time was for the pH of 6. 3. Basically, this shows that the most appropriate pH for the enzyme Catalase to function in is a pH of 6. 3 as it the enzyme is forming a complex with the substrate and producing the by-products Hi O and Oi , at a faster rate. The least effective pH buffer to use in a Catalase reaction would be a pH of 2. 8, although there may be more inhibiting pHs outside the range used in the experiment.The longest reaction was for the pH 2.8 and the s mallest rate of reaction was also, therefore pH 2. 8. Moving up the pH range used in the experiment, the rate of reaction continues to increase until the optimal point of pH 6. 3, where the rate of reaction slows and average time taken begins to increase above this point, as shown in the pH 8. 3 results and graphical record. Evaluation Overall, the experiment was conducted in a suitable way that enabled the collection of relatively reliable results however as with most experiments there were some sources of error in its conduction that will thrust had an effect on the results.The main error in this experiment was the factor of gentlemans gentleman error this was mainly present in the measuring and timing stages of the experiment. The measure of the buffer solutions, hydrogen peroxide and cutting of potato discs will have had slight discrepancies in their quantities this will have had a small effect on the results as the enzyme and substrate amounts will have varied and the rate at which products are formed will have increased or decreased. To eliminate human error in the experiment the measurements and timing would have to be done by using more technological equipment, in order to gain little results.Another factor that will have influenced results is the presence of inhibitors when the reaction took place these occur naturally and can be either competitive or non-competitive A competitive inhibitor molecule has a identical structure to the normal substrate molecule, and it can fit into the active site of the enzyme. It therefore competes with the substrate for the active site, so the reaction is slower. A non-competitive inhibitor molecule is quite different in structure from the substrate molecule and does not fit into the active site.It binds to another part of the enzyme molecule, ever-changing the shape of the whole enzyme, including the active site, so that it can no longer bind substrate molecules. Non-competitive inhibitors therefore simply reduce the amount of active enzyme similar to decreasing the enzyme concentration. In conclusion, the presence of these inhibitors will have altered the reaction by increasing or decreasing the rate at which the products are produced. There will have been limitations in the results as the range of buffer solution pHs used in the experiment were inadequate to determine an exact optimal pH for the enzyme Catalase to function.To find the optimal pH, further tests could have been conducted by using pHs with closer intervals within the range of 4. 5 and 6. 5, where the rate of reaction increases sharply, as shown on the graph by an arrow. By analysing the results and the graphs that were produced, there are no obvious anomalies in the results achieved however there may have been a slight discrepancy in one result which is marked on the graph/s with a circle. This could have been a consequence of any of the factors mentioned above in the evaluation section.

General Engineering Principles and Systems Theory

General Engineering Principles and Systems TheoryEngineering and Socio- skillful PhilosophiesDeveloping in induceation systems is a creative effort which requires insight and judgement skills. There are two common antennaes which are Engineering and Socio-technical used in systems exploitation. Each of these comees is explained below and a summary of the comparison is given afterwards.Engineering has been significant in creating a fundamental approach for exploitation of information systems and with a driving concern of developing a intricate technical system. Inefficiencies in systems development put to work often results into problematic technical systems, tackles to break on the situation have drawn majorly on general engineering principles and systems theory. Systems engineering, which emphasizes studying total systems with pop their isolated components and systems digest are rooted in the systems theory, they proceed to achieve a task positiveally and produce the b est system (Avgerou Cornford 1993). They are said to be tally to the traditional life cycle which has often been criticized not to be appropriate when dealing with unclear requirements but systems analysis has developed to lay to a greater extent strain on efforts for examining the problem area and agreeing on requirements for a satisfactory system as opposed to an optimal radical (ibid).The engineering approach has grown stronger everywhere time taking the form of different specialized disciplines, the best known to be software engineering. The aim of software engineering is to change semi-structured development practices to a systematic process which is effective, controllable and able to improve software quality. Despite its significance, applicability to IS development has been limited because a fully bollock process of development as it depicts has been seen by most to be im practicable or undesirable for IS development. It has been said to be impractical because of lack of formal theories to describe organisational behaviour and formal models to capture the richness of the application domains (Avgerou Cornford 1993146). Several efforts have been made to include methods which support human creativity and user participation, near of these are use of DFDs and Prototyping. Overall, though software engineering has responded to the requirements of human aspect of systems development, its perspective is still that of the efficient development of a technical product (Avgerou Cornford 1993147). Some other forms of the engineering approach which are aimed at improving certain aspects of system development are Knowledge engineering and Human-computer interactiontheir approach is still that of engineering a technical system (Avgerou Cornford 1993).Socio-technical, as another approach to system development, has been defined by Coakes (20025) as exploring the relationships and interrelationships between the social and technical parts of any system and is c ontrolled by social change and human communication theories (Avgerou Cornford 1993). It sees IS development process as an intervention to improve communication between people and how tasks are carried out in an organisation. As opposed to Engineering, IS is seen as involving people and not isolated technical constructs (Tatnall 2003 Avgerou Cornford 1993). Its goal is to develop a system with which people can carry out their tasks effectively and achieve satisfaction and personal development (Avgerou Cornford 1993). Laudon and Laudon (200628) mention thatIn a socio-technical perspective, the performance of a system is optimized when both the technology and the organisation mutually adjust to one another until a satisfactory fit is obtained.The socio-technical approach in IS development expresses a combination of practical, ethical and theoretical concerns. The main practical concern being that IT- base systems often fail to bring the required benefits even though they are well d esigned due to the fact that the social dynamics of an organisation may override the intended performance of the technical system (Avgerou Cornford 1993 151). This approach seeks to address issues such as resistance to change towards a in the altogether IS in organisations by focusing on the human requirements and social dynamics all through the process of development. The ethical concern is of the notion that workers should also throw from the benefits the new technology provides in their workplace in order to promote work environment that is satisfactory (Avgerou Cornford 1993 Coakes 2003).Some of the most widely known demonstrations of this approach are Participation and Job design. It is suggested that not only should users be the source of requirements limitedation but also deeply involved in the process of development and achieving effective participation has proved a non- trivial matter in practice (Avgerou Cornford 1993154). Land and Hirschheim (1983155) identify diff erent categories of users who major power be affected by a new system directly or indirectly and also differentiate between two participation types which are participation in finding making about the project and participation in the actual analysis and design. The first could be consultative only while the second might be consultative, representative or consensus (ibid.). As mentioned earlier, in that respect are difficulties to having user participation (Cavaye 1995) but should only serve as obstacles to overcome and not arguments in opposition to wider involvement in IS development (Avgerou Cornford 1993). Job design, another form of this approach, leads the development process towards restructuring the work environment where a new information system would be used and aimed at providing satisfactory work conditions for the employees (Avgerou Cornford 1993). Mumford and Weir (1979) contribute to this aspect by introducing the ETHICS methodology.Having discussed each of these, a summary of the comparison is drawn (figure 1.0). It is unavoidable to point out the implications of these approaches on the whole process of IS development as they are used as a basis for systems development. Engineering as a unstated systems approach, has dominated in computer systems development and results into a system that is technically perfect but faced with resistance from the users and could be ignored finally (Platt Warwick 1995). This is due to certain assumptions this approach makes (Curtis Graham 2008) such asEngineering perspective applies in all berth and resolvents should be mathematically/logically based. fear to the social or organisational aspects of the system not essential.Emphasis on linear problem solving.An example is the case of Wessex Area Health (Clarke Lehaney 2000).On the otherhand, the socio-technical approach helps to recollect both the social and technical aspects of a system (Laudon Laudon 2006), arguing that the social and technical syst emscannot be designed independently of each other (Curtis Graham 2005581) so with its emphasis on user participation, user acceptance can be achieved thereby resulting into a success (Avison Fitzgerald 2003 Coakes 2003), for example, as proved by the case of standard payment system (Fisher 2003), the failure and later success of London Ambulance service (Clarke Lehaney 2000 Grant et al 2010). Avison and Fitzgerald (1995) also claim that participation might result in resentment from either analysts or users.Information Systems Development MethodologyIt is defined as a collection of procedures, tools, and documentation aids which will help the systems developers in their efforts to implement a new information system (Avison Fitzgerald 200320). There are many methodologies, some of which are ETHICS, SSM, DSDM and they differ from one another mostly in terms of objectives. The Soft Systems Methodology (SSM) will be considered in this essay.Philosophical rootSSM was introduced by Pe ter CheckLand with the contributions of other researchers in Lancaster University. They started an action research course of study by using hard systems engineering as a framework in unsuitable circumstances whereby problems were not clearly defined but this attempt failed so SSM was introduced as an alternative (Checkland Scholes 1990). The failure led to the rethink of the rudiments of systems thinking (ibid.) and a deep analysis of the basic assumptions behind this and systems development (Fitzgerald et al 2002). It was put forward that systems thinking takes seriously the idea of a whole entity which may exhibit properties as a single whole (emergent properties) and there are two complementary traditions within it namely the hard tradition which takes the innovation as systemic and the soft tradition that creates the process of enquiry as a system (Checkland Scholes 199025). base on this, Checkland and Scholes (199025) refer to SSM asa systemic process of enquiry which also happens to make use of systems model. It thus subsumes the hard approach, which is a special case of it, one arising when there is local agreement on some system to be engineered.They also claim that to have a better understanding of this, the word holon should be used surrendering the word system to everyday language and avoiding its use as a technical term. SSM uses a specific type of holon which they referred to as Human activity system(HAS), a set of activities that are connected in order to make a purposeful whole, created to meet the spunk system image requirement(ibid.). The HAS recognizes the importance of people in organisations due to the fact that it is necessary to include people in order to understand the real world (Avison Fitzgerald 2003). Therefore, this methodology is regarded as a soft systems approach which Avison and Fitzgerald (2003) claim that is the most appropriate for understanding difficult problem situations such as those in organisations. SSM rattling focuses on looking into the organisational issues and ill-structured problems and then suggestion of ascendents which may or may not be computer-based (Skidmore Eva 2004).SuitabilityAs mentioned earlier, SSM is capable of examining and understanding the complex problem situations of an organisation, for example, its use in Shell and an Acute hospital (Checkland poulter 2006) using a range of techniques as shown in the seven-stage model(Fig 1.1.0 and fig 1.1.1), this makes it suitable to examine the existing issues in AIC limited, a property management company in Nigeria. Though, the methodology does not explain methods for implementing suggested solutions especially those involving a computerised system but it is suggested that it could be used as a front end in SD process then proceed to use a more technical approach which emphasizes design, development and implementation (Avison Fitzgerald 2003 Platt Warwick 1995). Based on this limitation, some others raised the idea of lin king SSM to existing structured methodologies and came up with suggestions (Stowel 1985 Prior 1990 Sawyer 1991 Gregory Merali 1992 Miles 1992 Savage Minger 1993), further concerns raised are that should it take the form of grafting SSM to SSD methods or embedding SSD methods in SSM (Miles 1988)? Miles (1988) argues that the grafting method could cause the benefits of the SSM to be lost for instance, SSM obviously supports user involvement from the onset (Mingers 1995).Obviously, SSM has its notable advantages which makes it suitable for the case of AIC but definitely not without its weaknesses. Researches on the use of SSM in practice has been conducted (Mingers Taylor 1992 Brocklesby 1995), some findings in these and the literature generally are as followsAdvantagesSSM helps to structure complex problem situations in an organized manner with the aid of specific techniques which makes it a thorough tool to use in cluttered problems (Platt Warwick 1995 Mingers Taylor 1992).The e ntire cycle of SSM is based on learning and supports user involvement (Mingers 1995).Its approach is holistic by focusing on wholes rather than reductionist (Brocklesby 1995 Camarinha-Matos Afsarmanesh 2008 Mingers Taylor 1992).It guides the user to look for a solution which is more than technical (Skidmore Eva 2004).DisadvantagesThe processes involved in SSM does not recommend a method of encouraging broad participation especially when it extends towards taking action though it recognizes participation (Jackson 2003 Khosrow-Pour 2009).SSM does not include methods for designing and implementing solution (Avison Fitzgerald 2003 Mingers 1995).The actual way of deriving information and data models from the activities is considered as ad hoc due to lack of systematic means of determining information contained(Mingers 1995).SSM only works well with few people involved (Bell Morse 2003), though this favours the case of AIC but it could be time-consuming (Mingers Taylor 1992 Keenan Bustard 2009 Sutherland Morieux 1991) and demands high level of commitment which is usually not easy to achieve (Brocklesby 1995).The Organisation (AIC)AIC is a well recognized company specializing in management of properties. It has 3 branches located in Nigeria, one of them serves as the head office and each of the branches has an operations manager and the owner is the Managing Director of the company. Each branch has 8 to 10 Property agents and 1 or 2 accountants working under the supervision of the operations manager. The property agents act as an intermediary between property owners and seekers so they are responsible for allocating owners properties to seekers and management generally. Data about properties, owners and seekers are presently kept on paper files and each branch has one or two PCs.This business area is fast growing and the company wants to boost their efficiency in customer service delivery. The Managing Director of the company also felt the need for expansion. Some employees think there is need to improve on information handling especially due to the dissatisfaction of some customers (owners) with the mode of operation while some are less concerned and just wish for an increase in salaries. The MD has given his full support for a relevant and quick solution to be implemented in less than a year. Therefore, as an IS analyst, the situation will be further expressed and analysed using different modelling techniques suggested by Heeks and Morgan (2010a) and Heeks and Morgan (2010b).Problem/opportunity The problem is the ineffective means of keeping records while the opportunity is the need for expansion.Stakeholder analysisClients Operations managers, Property owners and Property seekersActors Property agents, Accountants patron Managing directorOwner Branches, Operations managersChampion Managing director, Operations managers, Property agentsOthers IS analystProblem Statement An ineffective means of information handling due to paper-based a pproach. switch Rationale To support the business expansion and remove all hindrances.ConstraintsEnvironmental Prediction The system is likely to last long because there are more supporters and expand its coverage if successful.Initial Statement A system that eliminates the identified possible hindrance to the intended business expansion and supports the company desire to improve service delivery.CATWOE ChecklistRoot DefinitionA system owned by the Managing Director and used by Operations Managers and Property Agents, which maintains proper record that helps in finding available properties for property seekers. The system to function under the financial constraints of the company and achievable in less than a year to assist the aforethought(ip) business expansion.Project AssessmentFeasibilityRisk Assessment This project, being a small one, is not prone to so many risks but a very obvious one that needs enough attention is the lack of IS experience in the organisation history. Other s are Management Support and User commitment, the absence seizure of these could result into loss of user acceptance and IS failure eventually.Project priorities This is the only major project under consideration and crucial to the progress of the company.Analysis of the accepted system (Rich Picture)NoteA property seeker can purchase or rent a property or do both.Requirements for a solutionIt is advisable to operate the system within a network other than independently so there is need to set up a network. more than PCs are required.Users need to be given adequate training.

Using animals in medical research

Using sentient beings in medical investigateIntroductionThrough by history, tools (refers to non-human creatures, excluding human) are widely social function in different fields. However, the issue of use faunas in medical research nonably attract public attention because, to many people, it appears unnatural and wild, even though the number of wolfs apply for other purposes and the ill-effects expose (eg. blood sport) may often be greater, because the estimated 50 million animals used annu entirelyy in experiments worldwide only account for rough 0.2% of all animals used (Mepham, 2008).The debate just about animal experiment ranges broadly over two distinct questions. Firstly, do animal research yields useful knowledge that could not be gained from other source and secondly, is it clean-livingly acceptable to use animals in a way that cause them harm (Nuffield Councils on Bioethics, 2005). The question of scientific uprightification is, obviously, fundamental frequ ency to the question of moral justification.Scientific JustificationJustifiedThere could yield been no oral acute anterior poliomyelitis vaccine without the use of innumerable animals. Without animal research, polio would still be claiming thousands of lives each year. (Sabin, 1995)The primary reason given for using animals in research is that most medical advances since the 19th century brook resulted from research using animals (Mepham, 2008). Among the examples are the extraction of first hormone (1902), a chemical treatment for syphilis (1909), isolation of insulin (1920), modern anaesthetics (1920s), kidney transplants (1940s), chemotherapy for leukaemia (1960s), and meningitis vaccine (1980s) (Monamy, 2009 Mepham, 2008). According to Sabin (1995), those who view animal experimentation as useless overlook the fact that it has been instrumental in developing medicines that saved countless human lives, such(prenominal) as the development of polio vaccine in 1957.Next, halting animal research would abide unfavourable consequences for human health and welfare since at that place are no viable alternatives to animal experimentation yet (Mepham, 2008). Paris (1994), too, expressed that all of the work being put into improving health care system will be for nought if we allow a powerful band of self-righteous activists to deny us the privilege of studying non-human animals medical sciences most valuable tool in the iron against disease.Lastly, animal experimentation is justified due to the extensive biological similarities amid the physiology of humans and non-human animals (Mepham, 2008). This is supported by Bernard (1865), who stated that the vital units, being of like temper in all living beings, are subjected to the equal organic laws Even if the knowledge itself rumpnot be directly applied to humans, they add to the level of understanding that may eventually be exploited in human medicine (LaFollette Shanks, 1996).In short, animal experimentati on is essential to ensure scientific progresses. We live in a modern age where atrocious diseases are kept at bay to an extraordinary degree, bringing about the majority of us to forget that as deep as 60 years ago, many diseases (eg. TB, polio) were common killers in our society (Monamy, 2009).UnjustifiedHowever, there are also people who believe that animal experimentation is scientifically unjustified. For example, Burgos (1996) brought forward the argument that it is impossible to mend a sick human by experimenting on animals, just like how it is not possible to cure a sick cat by experimenting on humans. Every species have different biomechanical and biochemical entity, and it is difficult to extrapolate data from one species to another. Moreover, every species reacts differently to different substances. For instances, aspirin kills cats and penicillin kills guinea pigs. Yet, the same guinea pig loafer safely eat strychnine- one of the deadliest poisons for human, but not for monkeys. Sheep can swallow big amount quantities of arsenic. Potassium cyanide, deadly for humans, is harmless for owl.Supposing that one has chosen the best model for a human disease, it is still difficult to decide the dosage of the medicate for humans. The thalidomide tragedy is one of the many examples of how things can go wrong. The sedative drug thalidomide was introduced in 1956 and widely used by pregnant women to reduce nausea and vomiting. save by 1960s, it was identified as the cause of phocomelia- a devastating birth defect in which the limbs do not form properly and long mug up in the arms or legs are absence (Mepham, 2008).Another example that shows the limitations of animal studies in assessing human reactions to drugs was dramatically illustrated by the detrimental effects undergo by the six male volunteers to the oral administration of TGN1412, a drug developed to treat rheumatism (Mepham, 2008). Although the drug had been tested on animals without deleteri ous effect, it produced life-threatening reaction on humans.Ethical JustificationCartesianToday, few will argue that animals are like machines and have no souls, hence granting us the rights to use animals in any ways that we see suited. However, back at the 17th century, this human-centred view was very prevalent. Rene Descartes (1596-1650), especially, played an important role in the early on(a) debate. Descartes (1637) believed that the divine gift of soul distinguished the human from all others and the reactions of animals were dismissed as mere reflex. This, as a result, provided a convenient ideology for early vivisectionists (Monamy, 2009).Descartes statement was, also, supported by British psychologist Nicholas Humphrey. Descartes was as nearly right as makes no matter. If we qualifying down on English country lane, we walk by ourselves. Trees, birds, bees, the rabbit darting down its hole, the cow heavy with milk are all as without insight into their condition as the dum mies on show at Madame Tussauds. (Humphrey, 1983)Such views are not widely held anymore, partly due to the fact that studies of self-recognition using chimpanzees and mirrors have shown that several(prenominal) animals are capable of recognising themselves and have self-consciousness (Monamy, 2009).KantianImmanuel Kant echoed the voice of ancients non-human animals are non-rational, and hence demonstrably inferior to humans. However, he added a philosophical twist that helps ground one very common argument used to morally justify our treatment of animals (LaFollette Shanks, 1996).He believed that as far as animals are concerned, we have no direct duties. wildcats have no self-conscious and are there as means to an end. Our duties towards animals are merely indirect duties towards humanity (Kant, 1963 Monamy, 2009). Animal nature has analogies to human nature, and by doing our duties to animals in respect of manifestation of human nature, we are directly do our duty towards humani ty. However, he argued that overt cruelty to animals was to be avoided because how we threat animals does affect how we threat humans. he who is cruel to animals becomes hard also in his dealings with men.Within Kant we, therefore, identify two elements of current moral thought about animals the belief that humans are superior to animals because of our intelligence, and that we have near duties towards animals. These cover the belief that although we should not be cruel to animals, we can use them for our purposes (LaFollette Shanks, 1996).The problem with Kantian theory is its failure to make a theoretical bank bill between animal species beyond human sphere. This theory can morally justify the use of a chimpanzee in an experiment where a mouse would suffice, because incomplete species has moral autonomy (Monamy, 2009).Animal Welfare/InterestThe day may come when the rest of the animal creation may acquire those rights which never could have been withholden from them but by th e hand of tyranny The question is not, can they reason? Nor can they talk? But, can they suffer? (Jeremy Bentham, 1789)The first person to bring up the idea of equality was Bentham. He pointed out that the capacity to suffer should be a vital characteristic that gives a being the right to equal consideration. This was encourage upheld by Peter Singers Animal Liberation. Singer, reviving Benthams utilitarianism, argued for the liberation of animals base on equality of consideration and their capacity to suffer (Monamy, 2009). The capacity for suffering and enjoying things is a requisite for having interest at all. Hence, it would be nonsense to say that it was not in the interest of a stone to be kicked along the road. A stone does not have interest because it cannot suffer. Nothing that we can do to it could possibly make any difference to its welfare. A mouse, on the other hand, does have an interest in not being harm, because it will suffer if it is.Moral judgements must be mad e based on equal interest and, we should never be influenced by species, in the same way as we should never be influenced by race or sex (Monamy, 2009). If an animal suffered, there can be no moral justification for refusing to take suffering into consideration. No matter what the nature of the being, the principle of equality requires that its suffering be counted equally with the like suffering- in so far as rough comparisons can be made- of any being. (Singer, 1974)Singer argued that since laboratory animals were capable of feeling wound, their interest must be considered morally by humans. If the level of suffering in an experiment is not outweighed by any increase in the quality of human life, it is morally indefensible to allow such an experiment to continue (Dolan, 1999 Monamy, 2009).The idea put forward by Singer have provided a sensible starting point for debate over the moral issues essential in any discussion of animal experimentation. Virtually everyone, now, acknowledg es that many animals, certainly mammals, feel pain- even though there is still disagreement about the severity or nature of the pain. Plus, majority too agrees that we cannot do whatever we want to the animals, at least if it causes the animals pain (LaFollette Shanks, 1996 Monamy, 2009).However, there are still some weaknesses concerning Singers argument. Firstly, moral calculations become impractical when all factors are taken into consideration. How do you quantify an amount of pain and pleasure? Or the benefits of an experiment to mankind? Secondly, Regan (1986) argued that utilitarianism has no room for the equal rights of different individuals because it has no room for their equal inherent value or worth. What has value is the satisfaction of an individuals interest, not the individual itself. Regan believed that this theory can easily be exploited since an evil means can be justified as long as there is a good end. Lastly, some suggested that it simply do not go far enough- there is more to life than pleasure and pain (Monamy, 2009). Charles Birch (1993) posed an interesting question If all animals used for human purposes were to be constantly anaesthetised for all their lives, thereby eliminating the pain/pleasure argument, would such a procedure be morally defensible?Animal RightsAnimal rights moral view was brought forwarded by Tom Regan (1986). According to him, basic moral rights should be assigned to all beings who are subjects of life, due to the fact that these animals have a life of their own, of importance to them apart from their utility to us. They have a biography, not just a biology. They are not only in the world, they have experience of it. They are somebody, not something.Regan claimed that all creatures should be treated equally unless there is some relevant reason that justifies otherwise. It thereby rules out discrimination based on irrelevant reasons. He proposed that every individual of any species should be considered to have an intrinsic value (or inherent value), the value of conscious individuals, disregarding of their gain to others and independent of their goodness. Equal rights for such individuals protect their inherent value and give them moral status (Mepham, 2008 Monamy, 2009).When it comes to animal experimentation, Regans view is unequivocal the rights-based view is categorically abolitionistthis is just as true when animals are used in trivial, duplicative, unnecessary or unwise research as it is when they are used in studies that hold out objective promise of human benefitsthe best we can do is not to use them.Nonetheless, some claims that rights can be attributed only to individuals who can claim them, and that they can only apply in circumstances where that individual understands the notions of rights. However, Regan has countered this by pointing out that such a viewpoint would also withhold rights form infants, the mentally retard and senile. Apart from that, many find the concept of animal rights confusing. Exactly what rights do animals have? Do every single animal, including insects, has the same right, or just mammals? (Mepham, 2008 Monamy, 2009 Dolan, 1999) idolise for LifeAlbert Schweitzer (1875-1965) believed that an ethic that advocated goodness towards all life and, not just to humanity, would be derived from emotion, not from rational thought. This belief contributed to his theory of reverence for life.The most contiguous fact of mans consciousness is the assertion I am life which wills to live in the midst of life which wills to lifehe feels a compulsion to give every will-to-live the same reverence for life that he gives to his own.He accepts as being good to preserve life, to promote life, to raise to its highest value of life which is capable of development.(Schweitzer, 1936)It is an ideology which makes no distinction between higher and lower life forms, plants and animals, human and non-human. Acceptance of the ethic does not mean that it is wro ng to cause death of another creature, it is the causing of pain or death when it can be avoided that is wrong. Anyone guided by this belief will only cause death or suffering of any animal in cases of inescapable necessity, never from thoughtlessness (Monamy, 2009).Those who experiment with operations or the use of drug upon animals.must never quiet misgivings they feel with the general reflection that their cruel proceedings aim at a valuable result. They must first have considered in each individual case whether there is a real necessity to force upon any animal this is sacrifice for the sake of mankind. And they must take the most anxious care to mitigate as much as possible the pain inflicted. (Schweitzer, 1936)In short, Schweitzer urged that all life must be given the same respect the need for every experiment must be carefully reasoned based on the ideal of reverence for life, not sentience an argument that gives a place to emotion (Monamy, 2009).Conclusionthere are no simpl e answers to be found and there is no single guiding principle that will answer the questions that are raised about the problems of animal welfare and the use of animals in our society.where ethical principles are concerned, there is no possibility of proving the validity of an ethical principle (Stone, 1989)In conclusion, the debate on animal experimentation is extremely complicated and it involves both rational discussion and personal feelings. Every one of us must, therefore, attempt to form an opinion of our own about the extent to which we use research animals.

Correct Structure Of Business Letters Commerce Essay

Correct Structure Of Business earn Commerce Es give tongue toFew duty minutes are carried through successfully without parallelism at some point. Enquires must be answered, quotation given, order placed, complains dealt with, transport and insurance ar eye socketd and account toughenedtled. letters must be written to customers, salesmen, agents, suppliers, bankers, shipowners and many others they cover every conceivable phase of line of work activity. They are the firms silent salesmen and, very much enough, represent its only amour with the outside world. Hence the lack to create a good impression, not only of the writers firm, but also of the writer himself as an efficient person ardent to be of service.In our Business courses that follow are to be found over hundred specimen letters dealing with a comprehensive range of transactions of the kindhearted handled in business every day. They are presented, not as models to be copied, for no two business situations are ever quite an alike, but rather as examples written in the modern English style to illustrate the accepted principles of good business composing. For those wishing to use the order as business tool, consisting of headings under which letter are classified and grouped according to subject matter, supplies a convenient and useful source of reference.Every business letter is written to a purpose each has its own additional aim, and sensation of the features of this course is its use of explanation to show how the various letters set out to achieve their aims. Basic legal principles relevant to different types of transaction are also touched upon, but only where there is a need to clarify legal relationships. The exercises the means for students to apply in practice what they have been taught.The many letters included are written in straightforward and purposeful style of the modern age and should be of special help to the overseas user, and especially to students from Raffles College w here commercial correspondence is taught either as a ecumenic business accomplishment or as a preparation for the various examinations.Business letter/e-mail writingStructure of The business letterLetter promoting good willEnquires and repliesQuotations, estimates and tendersSales letters and voluntary offersOrders and their fulfillmentComplaints and adjustmentsInvoicing and settlement of accountsLetters requesting paymentCredit and status enquiresAgenciesForeign tradeBanking (1) home businessBanking(2) payment in foreign tradeTransport (1) road and railTransport (2) sea and airInsurancePersonnelTravel and hotelsMiscellaneous correspondenceA typical business transactionEssential QualitiesThe business letter is the principal means used by a business firm to glide by in touch with its customers often enough it is the only one customers form their impression of the firm from the tone and quality of letters it sends out. Good quality story and an attractive letter head play their par t in this, but they are less important than the message they carry, but it does require us to point ourselves accurately in plain language that is clear and readily understood.Writing plainly does not mean that letters must be confined to a mere recital of facts, in a style that is dull and anattractive. When we write a letter we enter into a personal relationship with our subscriber. Like us he has feelings and we cannot afford to disregard them. This is a necessary reminder because many people who are warmand lucky by nature become persons of quite other sort when they sit down to write or dictate a business letter. They seem to think that business letter call for a special kind of Business English. They forget that they are holding conversations by post and stupefy use of impersonal constructions that produce a cold and aloof tone. They opt to write your letter has been received rather than the warmer and homelier I have received your letter, and your complaint is being loo ked into rather than I am looking into your complaint. They often refer to themselves as the writer and say. The writer visited your showrooms, when they should say I visited your showrooms. Personal constructions, with the emphasis on YOU and I or WE, help to produce the warm and friendly tone more suited to letter writing.The whole secret of good business letter writing is to write simply, in an easy and immanent counselling like one friendly human being talking to another. Make your letter or e-mail, then sound as much as affirmable like good conversation. You wouldnt say on the phone It is regretted that the goods cannot be delivered today. You would say I am sorry we cannot deliver the goods today, so why not say it when you write a letter?SOME RULES OF GOOD WRITING1- Think first of the reader and address yourself to his interests. Tell him all he wants to know and dont give up him to guess between the lines2- hug a tone suited to the occasion and purpose of the letter3- publish of course, as you would talk, using plain and familiar words4- Write clearly and to the point. The dominant need in all business writing is exactness expressed in language that is absolutely clear5-Write well-manneredly and make your letter sound friendly and sincere6- Avoid wordiness, but at the same time remember that it is more important to be clear and courteous even if it means using more words7- Avoid commercial jargon with its roundabout and meaningless forms of expression8- Write effectively by using simple language, by being consistent and precise9- Avoid monotony by introducing variety10- Write to a plan if your letter is long or especially important11- Pay special attention to the opening and closing paragraphs first and last impressions leave a special mark on the reader12- Check your letter or e-mailAll these are matters of importance and we shall now take a closer look at each one of them.Study your readers interestsThe letters you send out must create a good first impression.To achieve this,put yourself in your readers shoes and try to image how he will feel about what you write.Ask yourself constantly ,what are his needs,his wishes,his interests,his problems,and how can I meet them?What would be my own feelings if I were to receive a letter of kind I propose to write? Try to image that you are receiving rather than sending the letter and emphasize the you attitude rather than the I or We.Adopt the right toneIf a letter is to achieve its purpose,its tone must be right.Before beginning to write think carefully about the way in which you want to influence your reader.Ask yourself,what do I want this letter to do?and then express yourself accordingly,being persuasive,apologetic,obliging,firm and so on,depending on the effect you want to produce.Write naturally and sincerelyWhen you sit down to write or dictate a letter,try to feel a genuine interest in the person you are writing to and in his problems.Say what you have to say with sin cerity and make sure that it sounds sincere.Express your thoughts in your own words and in your own way.Be yourself.Write so that what you say would sound natural if read over the telephone.

lorraine hansberry-an annotated bibliography :: essays research papers fc

Lorraine Hansberry An Annotated BibliographyLorraine Vivian Hansberry was born May 19, 1930 in Chicago and raised in a middle-class family. When Hansberry was only eight years old she had her first experience with civil rights. Her father fought a lengthy legal battle in the late 1930s against harsh covenants which kept Chicagos blacks in the ghettos. To make a statement the family moved into an all white neighborhood which was against the police at that time. The house was often vandalized and the children were faced with hostility as they walked to and from school. Hansberrys father fought the citys Jim Crow laws all the way to the Supreme philander and won. This whole experience would later serve as an inspiration for Lorraine Hansberrys play A raisin in the Sun.Hansberry attended the University of Wisconsin for two years and therefore studied painting in Chicago and Mexico, before she realized she had no talent for it. Moving to New York in 1950, she held objet darty jobs, w hile perfecting her skill as a writer. Hansberry said, A woman who is willing to be herself and pursue her own potential runs not so much the risk of loneliness as the argufy of exposure to more interesting men- and people in general. She became involved in the civil rights movement and married a white jewish man their marriage would only last a few years before Hansberry began exploring her feelings for women. She joined the Daughter of Blitis, a pioneering lesbian organization and had two letters print in their journal, The Ladder. However, it was for her play A Raisin in the Sun, that she received her praise.Hansberry was the first black to direct a play on Broadway since 1907. A Raisin in the Sun won the New York Drama Critics Circle Award. Hansberry was also named

Should Napoleon Bonaparte Be Considered A Hero? :: European Europe History

Should short sleep Bonaparte Be Considered A Hero?What is a hero? A hero can be defined as a common man who rises to greatness on the basis of sheer talent. Should snooze Bonaparte be considered as a hero? Many would argue that Napoleon is a hero as his heroic nature provided France with the institutions and sense of national identity they needed. Others would argue Napoleon is not a hero, as his use of propaganda make the French public believe he was their savior. I believe Napoleon Bonaparte was a hero, as his many accomplishments modified the French society and last the civilized world. Not only did he better France through his domestic policy, he besides expanded the territory of France with many battles won through strategical warfare. He as well gave the citizens of France the sense of national identity and pride they needed. Napoleons domestic policy, was his greatest legacy to France (Mitchner, pg 57). His domestic policies had such an immense impact on the way of life i n France that they are used today in the civilized world. Through his domestic policy, Napoleon created the Bank of France. By creating the Bank of France Napoleon stabilized the French economy where the previous leaders of France had failed and made the franc the highest currency in all of Europe. Napoleon claimed Equality must be the first subdivision in education (Mitchner, pg 59). This was the basis of the educating system Napoleon strived for. The Education reforms which Napoleon introduced in 1802 called lycees allowed this equality to occur and enhanced the way of learning for all of the citizens. at long last the serious rift with the Roman Catholic Church (which was created during the French revolution) was healed when The Concordat was introduced by Napoleon. Mending the rift between the Church and State allowed immunity of religion and rejuvenated the beliefs within the people of France. This contribution to France ended in French domestic tranquility. Napoleon was not only a great leader, he also was a military genius. As a military genius, Napoleon won many battles to expand France and was always welcomed back to France as a hero. His use of strategic warfare throughout many battles allowed him to be seen as a hero not only in France but all of Europe. Although his army was outnumbered by the Russians and Austrians in December 2, 1805, Napoleon brilliant strategies resulted in a defeat of the opposing armies in the Battle of Austerlitz.